I-Metallurgy Embonini Yamandla Avuselelekayo
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukunaka komhlaba wonke ezinkingeni zamandla nezemvelo kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo. Amandla elanga, umoya, amandla e-biothermal, kanye namandla e-geothermal kube yizinto ezibalulekile ezigxilwe emizamweni yokunciphisa ukuthembela emafutheni angaphansi komhlaba. Ngemuva kwalezi zinto ezintsha, isayensi ebalulekile idlala indima ebalulekile: i-metallurgy.
I-Metallurgy yisayensi nobunjiniyela obufunda izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezinsimbi, okuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwazo, ukuhlanzwa, kanye nokuphathwa kwazo ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezifiselekayo. Ngokuphathelene namandla avuselelekayo, i-metallurgy idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezisebenzayo, ezihlala isikhathi eside, futhi ezingabizi ukuze kusekelwe ekukhiqizweni kwamandla ahlanzekile.
Izinto Ezisephaneli Yelanga
Amaphaneli elanga (i-photovoltaics) angenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu nezisakazeke kakhulu zokusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo. Ukusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli elanga kuncike kakhulu ezintweni ze-semiconductor ezisetshenziswayo. Ezivame kakhulu yi-silicon, kodwa ezinye izinto, njenge-cadmium telluride (CdTe) kanye ne-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), nazo zinikeza ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphezulu.
I-Metallurgy idlala indima ekucwengisisweni kwe-silicon ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephezulu kanye nobumsulwa obudingekayo ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu. I-silicon eluhlaza ikhishwa esihlabathini se-silica ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-metallurgical, ehilela ukunciphisa nge-carbon emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukuze kukhiqizwe i-silicon eluhlaza, ehlungwa ngokucwengisiswa kwendawo noma ezinye izindlela zokucwengisiswa.
Ngaphezu kwe-silicon, ucwaningo lwe-metallurgical luphinde luthuthukise ezinye izinto ezifana ne-perovskite, ethola ukuthandwa. Nakuba isesesigabeni socwaningo, le nto ibonise ukuthuthuka okukhulu kokusebenza kahle uma kuqhathaniswa ne-silicon evamile, okungenzeka ukuthi kunciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Ama-Wind Turbine kanye ne-Metallurgy
Amandla omoya angolunye uhlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo olubaluleke kakhulu ekushintsheni kwamandla aluhlaza. Ama-turbine omoya anamuhla asebenzisa izinsimbi ezahlukahlukene ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside. Izingxenye ezifana nama-blade, imiphini, kanye nama-generator zidinga izinto ezinezakhiwo ezithile zemishini, njengamandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokumelana nokukhathala.
Ama-propeller ngokuvamile enziwa ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe eziqiniswe nge-carbon noma ingilazi ukuze kulinganiswe amandla nesisindo. Kodwa-ke, izingxenye ezifana nomgodi kanye nama-magnet ahlala njalo kuma-generator zidinga izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi engagqwali kanye nama-alloy e-neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB).
I-Metallurgy ivumela ukwenziwa ngcono kwalezi zinsimbi zensimbi ukwandisa ukumelana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu kanye nokuguguleka kwemishini. Ubuchwepheshe be-Metallurgical budlala indima ekuvuseleleni kabusha izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezivela kuma-wind turbine asebethathe umhlalaphansi, busekela izimiso zokuzinza embonini yamandla avuselelekayo.
Amandla avela ku-Biomass
I-Biomass iwumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo otholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezifana nokhuni, izitshalo, kanye nemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo. I-Metallurgy idlala indima ekwakhiweni nasekwakheni ama-biomass combustion reactors kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokucubungula. Izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kula ma-reactors kumele zibhekane namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye namazinga aphezulu okuguguleka kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa uphethiloli we-biomass.
Izinto ezifana ne-INCONEL kanye ne-Hastelloy alloys, ezimelana ne-oxidation kanye nokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-biomass combustion reactors. Amasu okumboza ubuso nawo asetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukumelana kwezinto ezimweni zokusebenza ezinzima.
I-Metallurgy ku-Geothermal Energy
Amandla okushisa komhlaba amandla akhiqizwa ukushisa okugcinwe ngaphakathi kongqimba loMhlaba. Lobu buchwepheshe budinga ukubhoboza ekujuleni okukhulu ukuze kufinyelelwe emthonjeni wokushisa, ngokuvamile ezimweni ezigqwala kakhulu nezinolaka. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezisetshenziswayo kumele zimelane kakhulu nalezi zimo.
Ama-alloy asekelwe ku-nickel kanye nezinsimbi ezingagqwali kuyizinketho ezivamile zamapayipi okushisa kanye namathuluzi okubhoboza. I-Metallurgy ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni la ma-alloy ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala nokunikeza amandla okusebenza adingekayo ukuze kusebenze ngokuphephile nangokuphumelelayo ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukuqamba Izinto Okuthuthukisiwe
I-Metallurgy iyaqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekusungulweni kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kanye nobude bezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezisebenzisa i-superconducting kunganciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ekudlulisweni kukagesi, kuyilapho ubuchwepheshe be-nano bungakhiqiza izinto ezinezakhiwo ezintsha ezingatholakali ngamasu avamile.
Ama-Superalloy, ama-alloy ensimbi amelana kakhulu nokushisa okukhulu, ukugqwala, kanye ne-oxidation, nawo aqala ukusetshenziswa ezicini ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo. Ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-nickel kanye ne-cobalt, isibonelo, anamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kanye nokuthembeka kwama-turbine egesi kanye nezitshalo zamandla.
Isiphetho
I-Metallurgy idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo. Kusukela ekucwengisiseni i-silicon yamaphaneli elanga, ekuthuthukiseni izinsimbi zensimbi zama-turbine omoya, ukuklama ama-reactor e-biomass, ngisho nokuvumelanisa izinto nezimo ezimbi kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla angaphansi komhlaba, umnikelo walesi sayensi awunakunakwa.
Ngokuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezensimbi, ikusasa lamandla avuselelekayo libonakala likhanya kakhulu. Izinsimbi ezintsha, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ezihlala isikhathi eside, nezingabizi zizoqhubeka nokuvela, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bamandla obuhlala isikhathi eside nobunobungani nemvelo.
Emzamweni womhlaba wonke wokushintshela kumandla ahlanzekile, igalelo le-metallurgy liyisisekelo esibalulekile, liphusha imingcele yobuchwepheshe futhi livula indlela yenkathi entsha ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla.
