Ukusetshenziswa Kwensimbi Ekukhiqizweni Kwehadiwe Yamakhompyutha
I-Metallurgy yisayensi nobunjiniyela obufunda izakhiwo zezinsimbi kanye nendlela yokukhipha, ukuhlanza, ukuhlanganisa, nokuzibumba ukuze zivumelane nezidingo ezithile. Ezweni lobuchwepheshe bolwazi, i-metallurgy idlala indima ebalulekile ngoba cishe yonke ihadiwe yekhompyutha—kusukela kuma-processor nama-motherboard kuya kumadivayisi okugcina ngisho nama-casing—incike ezintweni zensimbi ne-alloy ezinezimpawu eziqondile. Ngaphandle kwentuthuko kwe-metallurgy, amakhompyutha anamuhla abengeke abe nesivinini, ukuthembeka, ukusebenza kahle kokushisa, kanye nokuqina esikujabulelayo namuhla.
1. I-Metallurgy njengesisekelo sezinto zehadiwe
Ihadiwe yekhompyutha yakhiwe ngenhlanganisela yezinto zokwakha: ama-semiconductor (njenge-silicon), ama-polymer (amapulasitiki), ama-ceramic, kanye nezinsimbi. Phakathi kwalezi, izinsimbi zisebenza njengabaqondisi bakagesi, abasabalalisi bokushisa, izihlangu ze-electromagnetic, kanye nezakhi zesakhiwo. I-Metallurgy ivumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bakhethe ukwakheka kwezinto ezifanele kakhulu ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zabo: ukuhanjiswa okuphezulu kwesekethe kagesi, amandla omshini we-chassis, ukumelana nokugqwala kwezixhumi, kanye nokuhanjiswa okuphezulu kokushisa kwezinhlelo zokupholisa.
I-metallurgy yesimanje ayigcini nje ngokuthi "yiyiphi insimbi okufanele isetshenziswe," kodwa futhi imayelana nendlela isakhiwo sezinto ezincane—njengosayizi wezinhlamvu, isigaba se-alloy, kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa—esithinta ngayo ukusebenza. Ukulawula lesi sakhiwo esincane yikho okuvumela i-alloy ukuthi igcine amandla emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ihlale izinzile ngemva kwemijikelezo yokushisa ephindaphindwayo, noma ibonise ukumelana nokuguguleka ngaphansi kokuthintana okuphindaphindiwe kwemishini.
2. Abaqhubi bakagesi: ithusi, igolide, kanye nezinsimbi zazo
Enye yezindlela ezisobala kakhulu zokusebenzisa insimbi ukusebenzisa ithusi (Cu) njengomqhubi kagesi kumabhodi e-motherboard kanye nezintambo. Ithusi likhethwa ngenxa yokuqhuba kwalo kagesi okuphezulu kakhulu, ukulula kokubumba, kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi eziyigugu. Emabhodini esifunda aphrintiwe (ama-PCB), izendlalelo zethusi zakhiwa zibe yizicucu kusetshenziswa inqubo yokukhiqiza edinga ukujiya nokuhlanzeka okuthile. Insimbi idlala indima ekulawuleni ubumsulwa bethusi, njengoba ukungcola kungandisa ukumelana kukagesi futhi kusheshise ukugqwala.
Okwamanje, igolide (Au) livame ukusetshenziswa njenge-plating kuma-connectors—isibonelo, ama-RAM, ama-PCIe connectors, kanye nama-port athile—ngoba alikwazi ukugqwala kakhulu futhi linomoya omuhle wokuhambisa. Nakuba libiza kakhulu, ungqimba oluncane lwegolide lwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthintana kukagesi okuzinzile isikhathi eside. Empeleni, i-plating metallurgy idinga ukulawula ukujiya, ukunamathela, kanye nokuhambisana nensimbi eyisisekelo ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka.
Ngaphandle kwegolide, i-nickel (Ni) ivame ukusetshenziswa njengengqimba yokuvimbela ukusabalala kwensimbi, okungonakalisa ikhwalithi yokuxhumana. Inhlanganisela ye-Cu-Ni-Au ezixhumini iyisibonelo sendlela ubunjiniyela be-metallurgical obuthuthukisa ngayo ukusebenza kanye nokuphila kwenkonzo.
3. Ukushisela nokuxhumanisa: kusukela ku-tin-lead kuya ku-solder engenalo i-lead
Ukukhiqizwa kwehadiwe yekhompyutha kuhilela inqubo yokunamathisela esetshenziswa ukuxhuma izingxenye ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe (i-PCB). Ama-solder e-Tin-lead (i-Sn-Pb) ayethandwa kakhulu ngenxa yezinga lawo eliphansi lokuncibilika kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo kanye nezemvelo, imboni isishintshele kuma-solder angenawo umthofu, njenge-tin-silver-copper alloy (i-SAC: Sn-Ag-Cu).
Yilapho i-metallurgy iba khona ebalulekile. Ama-alloy e-solder kumele ahlangabezane nezidingo eziningi: indawo yokuncibilika efanele inqubo yokukhiqiza, ikhono lokumanzisa, amandla okusebenza, ukumelana nokuqhekeka kokukhathala kokushisa, kanye nokuqina ngaphansi kwemijikelezo ephindaphindwayo yokushisa nokupholisa. I-Metallurgy ifunda ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali e-intermetallic phakathi kwe-solder kanye ne-copper pad, njengoba ungqimba olujiyile kakhulu lwe-intermetallic lungadala i-brittle joint. Ukulawula ukwakheka kwe-alloy, iphrofayili yokushisa kabusha, kanye nomklamo wokuvikela we-pad konke kuyingxenye yobunjiniyela be-metallurgical obunquma ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
4. Ukuphathwa kokushisa: i-aluminium, ithusi, nezinto zokushisa
Amakhompyutha anamuhla akhiqiza ukushisa okuningi, ikakhulukazi ku-CPU kanye ne-GPU. Ukuphathwa kokushisa kuyisici esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwezingxenye. I-Metallurgy isekela lokhu ngokukhetha nobunjiniyela bezinto zokushisa, i-heat spreader, kanye ne-heat pipe.
I-Aluminium (Al) isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-heatsink ngoba ilula, ikhishwa kalula ibe yizimpiko zokupholisa, futhi ayibizi kakhulu. Ithusi, elinokushisa okuphezulu, livame ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezidinga ukudluliselwa kokushisa okusheshayo, njengezisekelo ze-heatsink noma amapayipi okushisa. Kweminye imiklamo, ama-heatsink ahlanganisa i-aluminium nethusi ukuze kufezwe ibhalansi phakathi kokusebenza kokushisa kanye nesisindo/izindleko. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa lezi zinsimbi ezimbili ezingafani idinga nokucatshangelwa kwe-metallurgical, njengokuvimbela ukugqwala kwe-galvanic nokuqinisekisa ukubopha okuhle kokushisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-heat spreader ku-processor isebenzisa izinto zensimbi ezinekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokuba yisicaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthintana kahle ne-thermal paste. Ngisho ne-thermal paste ngokwayo ngezinye izikhathi iqukethe izinhlayiya zensimbi noma ze-ceramic ukwandisa ukuhanjiswa kokushisa—yize lokhu kuwela ngaphansi kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe, izimiso ze-metallurgical zihlala zibalulekile ekukhetheni izinhlayiya kanye nokuzinza.
5. Isakhiwo semishini: isivalo, uhlaka, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala
Izingxenye zesakhiwo ezifana namakesi e-PC, i-chassis ye-laptop, kanye nezindawo zokuvala zangaphakathi zidinga izinto eziqinile kodwa ezilula. Amakesi amaningi edeskithophu asebenzisa insimbi ngenxa yamandla ayo kanye nokungabizi kwayo, kuyilapho amadivayisi aphathekayo evame ukusebenzisa ama-aluminium noma ama-magnesium alloys ukuze kube lula. I-Metallurgy isiza ekunqumeni uhlobo lwe-alloy kanye nokwelashwa (njenge-anodizing aluminium) ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuguguleka nokugqwala ngenkathi futhi inikeza ubuhle obuhle.
Kuma-laptop e-premium, ama-alloy e-aluminium akhiwe ngokunemba adinga izinto ezifanayo nezizinzile. Lapho ukhetha i-alloy, i-metallurgy ibheka ubulukhuni, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokumelana nokuguquguquka. Ngisho nemininingwane emincane njengezikulufo nama-hinges kuyizindlela zokusebenzisa i-metallurgy: ukukhetha insimbi engagqwali noma i-alloy ethile kunganquma ukuthi i-hinge izohlala iqinile yini ngemva kokuvuleka nokuvalwa okuyizinkulungwane.
6. Ukugcinwa kwedatha: indima yensimbi kuma-HDD nama-SSD
Kuma-hard disk drive (ama-HDD), i-metallurgy ibalulekile. Ama-HDD plate enziwe nge-aluminium noma ingilazi embozwe ngezinto ezisebenza ngogesi ngokusekelwe ku-alloy yensimbi (njenge-cobalt). Izakhiwo zikagesi ze-alloy—kufaka phakathi usayizi wezinhlamvu kanye nokuma kwekristalu—zithinta ubuningi besitoreji. Ikhanda lokufunda nokubhala lisebenzisa ungqimba lwensimbi oluncane kakhulu olusebenzisa amasu okubeka ngokunemba okuphezulu.
Kuma-solid-state drive (ama-SSD), noma ngabe idatha igcinwa kuma-semiconductor chips, insimbi isadlala indima ezindleleni zokuxhuma, ama-connector pad, kanye nokuvikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SSD amaningi asebenzisa ama-heatsink e-aluminium ukugcina izinga lokushisa nokuvimbela ukwehla kokusebenza ngenxa yokushisa.
7. Ukuvikela nge-electromagnetic kanye nokuthembeka kwesignali
Imishini yekhompyutha kumele ihambisane nezindinganiso zokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI). Insimbi isetshenziswa njengesivikelo ukuvimbela imisebe yesignali noma ukuphazamiseka. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi izivikelo zensimbi ezingxenyeni ezithile zamabhodi e-motherboard, ama-casing kagesi (PSU), kanye nokugqoka okuvikelayo ezintanjeni. I-Metallurgy isiza ukukhetha izinto ezivimba ngempumelelo ukuphazamiseka ngenkathi kulula ukuzenza.
Ukuthembeka kwesignali yesivinini esiphezulu kuhlobene nekhwalithi yomphezulu womqhubi, ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation, kanye nokuqina kokuxhumana. Ezixhumini zesivinini esiphezulu, izembozo zokuvikela ezifana negolide ne-nickel azigcini nje ngokuthi "azigqwali," kodwa futhi zimayelana nokugcina ukuqina kwe-impedance kanye nokuqina kokudluliselwa kwedatha kuyo yonke impilo yomkhiqizo.
8. Izinselele zemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha: i-metallurgy esimeme
Imboni yehadiwe yamakhompyutha ibhekene nenselele enkulu: imfucuza kagesi (imfucuza kagesi). I-Metallurgy nayo idlala indima lapha ngokuhlukanisa nokubuyisa izinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide, ithusi, isiliva, i-palladium, kanye nezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile kumadivayisi asetshenzisiwe. Amasu e-pyrometallurgy (ukuncibilikisa) kanye ne-hydrometallurgy (ukukhuculula amakhemikhali) asetshenziswa ukukhipha izinsimbi ngempumelelo ephezulu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha kalula, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi enobuthi, kanye nomklamo womkhiqizo osekela ukudilizwa nakho kuyingxenye yendlela yesimanje yokusebenzisa insimbi. Njengoba amasu okusebenzisa kabusha ethuthuka, ukuthembela ekumbeni okusha, okunomthelela omkhulu emvelweni, kuyancipha.
Isiphetho
I-Metallurgy iyisihluthulelo esingavamile ukungabonakali sentuthuko yehadiwe yekhompyutha. Kusukela emikhondweni yethusi kuma-PCB, i-gold plating kuma-connectors, ama-solder alloy angenalo i-lead, ama-heatsinks e-aluminium nethusi, kuya ezintweni ezisebenza ngogesi kuma-HDD—konke kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwezakhiwo zensimbi, ama-alloy, izinqubo zokwakha, kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo esikalini esincane. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha ashesha kakhulu, aqinile, futhi asebenza kahle akuncikile nje kuphela ekwakhiweni kwe-elekthronikhi kodwa futhi nasebunjiniyelani bezinto ezivumela izingxenye ukuthi zisebenze kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Kusukela phambili, i-metallurgy izoba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekushayeleni ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ekuthuthukiseni ukuqina kwamadivayisi, kanye nokuqinisa izinhlelo zokuvuselela kabusha zemboni yezobuchwepheshe eqhubekayo.
