Imiphumela Yokucindezela Nokushisa Ezimpahleni Zensimbi
Izinsimbi ziyizinto ezibalulekile empilweni yanamuhla, kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nezicelo zezimoto kuya kumishini yasekhaya kanye nezingxenye zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezifana nama-turbine, ama-reactor, namadivayisi kagesi. Amandla ezinsimbi atholakala ekuhlanganisweni kwazo kwezakhiwo zemishini nezomzimba: amandla, ukuguquguquka, ugesi kanye nokushisa, kanye nokulula kokubumba ngezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, lezi zakhiwo azizinzile. Izici ezimbili zemvelo kanye nezinqubo ezinquma kakhulu izinguquko ezakhiweni zensimbi ukucindezela kanye nokushisa. Lezi zingashintsha isakhiwo esincane, zithinte izibopho ze-athomu, zishintshe izigaba zekristalu, futhi ekugcineni zinqume ukuthi insimbi izoqina, iqhekeke kakhulu, noma yehluleke.
1. Isakhiwo Esincane Njengesihluthulelo Sezinguquko Zezakhiwo
Ukuze siqonde imiphumela yokucindezela kanye nokushisa, sidinga ukubheka izinsimbi ku-microscale. Izinsimbi zakhiwe yizinhlayiya zekristalu ezihlukaniswe yimingcele yezinhlayiya. Ngaphakathi kwamakristalu, amaphutha afana nokuqhekeka adlala indima enkulu ekuguqulweni kwepulasitiki. Lapho insimbi ibhekene nomthwalo, ukuguquguquka kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko ngokuhamba kokuqhekeka. Izinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela kungasheshisa noma kuvimbele ukunyakaza kwalokhu kuqhekeka, kanye nokushintsha usayizi wezinhlayiya kanye nenani leziphambeko ezakhiwe. Ngakho-ke, izinguquko ezincane ezimweni zokusebenza zingadala izinguquko ezinkulu emandleni, ekugugeni, ekuqineni, nasekumelaneni nokuguguleka.
2. Umphumela Wokushisa Ezimpahleni Zensimbi
a. Amandla Nobulukhuni
Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa elikhulayo linciphisa amandla nokuqina kwezinsimbi. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ama-athomu adlidliza kakhulu, okwenza izibopho phakathi kwama-athomu "zikwazi ukunyakaza" kakhudlwana. Ukuhlukana kuhamba kalula, okwenza insimbi ibe sengozini yokuguqulwa. Yingakho insimbi eqinile emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni ingaba buthaka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, isibonelo ezingxenyeni zenjini noma emapayipini omusi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emazingeni okushisa aphansi, izinsimbi zivame ukuba namandla ngoba ukuhlukana kwazo kuba nzima ukuhamba. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwanda kwamandla kuvame ukuza nomunye umphumela: umkhiqizo olandelanayo uwukuthambekela okwandisiwe kokuqhekeka kwezinye izinsimbi.
b. Ukuqina kanye nokuqina
Ukuguquguquka kuvame ukwanda ngokushisa okwandayo, njengoba izinsimbi ziguquguquka kalula ngaphandle kokuphuka. Ezinqubweni zokwakha ezifana nokwakheka noma ukugoqa okushisayo, izinsimbi ziyashiswa ukuze ziqine kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukwakheka ngaphandle kokuqhekeka.
Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ezinye izinsimbi (ikakhulukazi lezo ezinesakhiwo se-BCC njengensimbi yekhabhoni) zishintsha zibe yi-ductile-to-brittle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elithile, insimbi ingaba yi-brittle kakhulu. Lokhu kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni ezindaweni ezibandayo (isb., izakhiwo zasolwandle, amabhuloho ezindaweni ezineqhwa) ngoba ingozi yokuqhekeka kwe-brittle iyanda.
c. Ukuqhuba Ugesi Nokushisa
Izinga lokushisa lithinta nekhono lensimbi lokuqhuba ugesi nokushisa. Ngokuvamile, ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwezinsimbi kwehla njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukudlidliza kokushisa kwama-athomu kuvimbela ukugeleza kwamahhala kwama-electron. Ngenxa yalesi simiso, ukumelana kwentambo yethusi kuyanda lapho kushiswa, futhi amadivayisi kagesi kudingeka acabangele imiphumela yokushisa ukuze agweme ukulahlekelwa amandla ngokweqile.
d. Izinguquko Zesigaba kanye Nokuguqulwa Kwesakhiwo
Ezinye izinsimbi kanye nama-alloy zidlula ekuguqulweni kwesigaba phezu kobubanzi obuthile bokushisa. Isibonelo esivamile yinsimbi: emazingeni okushisa athile, isakhiwo sayo sekristalu siyashintsha (isibonelo, kusukela ku-ferrite kuya ku-austenite). Lolu shintsho lwesigaba luthinta kakhulu izakhiwo zemishini. Izinqubo zokwelapha ukushisa ezifana nokunamathela, ukucima, kanye nokushisa zithembele ekulawulweni kokushisa ukuze kufezwe inhlanganisela efiselekayo yokuqina nokuqina.
e. Ukukhukhuleka kanye nomonakalo wokushisa wesikhathi eside
Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nemithwalo engaguquki, izinsimbi zingaba nokuqhekeka, ukuguquka okuhamba kancane okwenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuqhekeka kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-gas turbines, ama-boilers, kanye nezingxenye zesitshalo samandla. Ngisho noma ukucindezeleka kuhlala kungaguquki, insimbi "iyageleza" kancane kancane, okubangela izinguquko zobukhulu kanye nokwehluleka okungenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwezingxenye zokushisa okuphezulu kumele kucabangele izakhiwo zokuqhekeka, hhayi nje amandla okudonsa ekushiseni kwegumbi.
3. Umphumela Wokucindezela Ezimpahleni Zensimbi
Ingcindezi kumongo wezinto zokwakha ingabhekisela kungcindezi ye-hydrostatic (esetshenziswa ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izinkomba) noma ingcindezi ngenxa yomthwalo wemishini njengokucindezela nokuxhumana. Umphumela wengcindezi ezimpahleni zensimbi uvame ukubonakala ekwakhekeni kwepulasitiki, izinguquko zobuningi, kanye nokuzinza kwesigaba.
a. Ukwanda Kokuxinana Nokuvalwa Kwezimbobo
Ukucindezela okuphezulu kungabangela ukuqina, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezisuselwe ku-powder (i-powder metallurgy). Ezinqubweni zokucindezela i-sintering kanye ne-hot isostatic (HIP), ukucindezela kusetshenziswa ukuvala ama-pores angaphakathi, ukwandisa ubuningi, nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini njengamandla okukhathala nokuqina. Izinsimbi ezixineneyo zinenkinga enzima yokwakha izindlela zokuqhekeka, okwenza zithembeke kakhulu.
b. Umphumela Ekuguqukeni Kwepulasitiki
Ukucindezela, ikakhulukazi ukucindezela, kuvame ukwandisa ikhono lensimbi lokuguquguquka ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imifantu ivuleka kalula ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kunangaphansi kokucindezeleka. Ezinqubweni zokukhipha noma zokufaka, inhlanganisela yokucindezela okuphezulu kusiza ukugeleza kwezinto futhi kugcwalise isikhunta kahle. Ukucindezela kungakhuthaza nokuqina komsebenzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ngenxa yokuqongelela kokuhlukana okubangelwa ukuguquguquka.
c. Ukuguqulwa Kwesigaba Esibangelwa Ukucindezela
Ukucindezela okuphezulu kungazinzisa izigaba ezithile noma kubangele ezintsha. Nakuba lo mphumela uvame ukuxoxwa ngawo kumaminerali nezinto ezingezona ezensimbi, ezinye izinsimbi zingase zishintshe isakhiwo sazo sekristalu ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuphezulu kakhulu. Emisebenzini yezimboni, lo mphumela uvela ezinqubweni ezikhethekile noma ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, isibonelo, ezingxenyeni ezisebenza ezingeni lolwandle, ezinhlelweni zokucindezela okuphezulu, noma ocwaningweni lwezinto elabhorethri.
d. Umphumela ku-Melting Point kanye nokusabalala
Ingcindezi ngokuvamile iphakamisa izinga lokuncibilika kwezinsimbi, yize umphumela ungabonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi ezingcindezini ezivamile embonini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcindezi ingathinta izinga lokusabalala kwe-athomu, ikakhulukazi uma ihlanganiswa nokushisa. Ukusabalala kubalulekile ezinqubweni ezifana nokushisela, ukuthulula, kanye nokumbozwa kwendawo (isb., ukwelashwa kokusabalala).
4. Ukusebenzisana Kokucindezela Nokushisa: Imiphumela Ehlanganisiwe
Ezinhlelweni eziningi zangempela, ingcindezi kanye nokushisa kusebenza ndawonye. Isibonelo, ekubumbeni okushisayo, insimbi iyashiswa ukuze iqine, bese icindezelwa ngokuqinile ukuze yakhe isikhunta. Ezingxenyeni ze-turbine, insimbi ibhekana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokucindezeleka (okuhlobene nengcindezi/umthwalo) iminyaka eminingi. Le nhlanganisela ingasheshisa ukukhukhuleka, ukubola, kanye nomonakalo wesakhiwo.
Inhlanganisela yokucindezela kanye nokushisa nayo inquma izinga lokululama, ukwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu, kanye nokukhula kwezinhlamvu. Lapho insimbi iguqulwa yipulasitiki, ukuhlukana kuyaqongelela. Uma kamuva ishiswa, insimbi ingaphinde isetshenziswe: kwakheka izinhlamvu ezintsha futhi izakhiwo zazo ziba zithambile kodwa amandla ayo ayancipha. Yilapho ukulawulwa kwepharamitha yenqubo kuba khona okubalulekile ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo zokugcina ezifiselekayo.
5. Imiphumela Yezinqubo Zokukhiqiza Nokuklama
Ukuqonda imiphumela yokucindezela kanye nokushisa kusenza sikwazi ukwenza ngcono izinqubo futhi sivimbele ukwehluleka. Ekwakheni izinqubo, ukukhetha izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kunquma amandla adingekayo, ikhwalithi yobuso, kanye namathuba okuqhekeka. Ekushiseni, ukufaka ukushisa kuthonya indawo ethintekile ekushiseni (i-HAZ), usayizi wezinhlamvu, kanye nokwakheka kokucindezeleka okusele. Okwamanje, ingcindezi yokusebenza kanye nomthwalo ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza kumele kucatshangelwe ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka kwezinto noma ukuqhekeka okuqhekekayo.
Ekuklanyweni kobunjiniyela, ukukhethwa kwe-alloy kuvame ukusekelwe ekuzinzeni kwezakhiwo ngaphezu kokushisa nokucindezela. Ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-nickel, isibonelo, akhethwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngoba anikeza ukumelana okuhle kokuqhekeka. Izinsimbi ezithile zikhethwa ezindaweni ezibandayo ngoba zinikeza ukuqina okwanele emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Isiphetho
Ukucindezela kanye nokushisa kuyizinto ezimbili ezibalulekile ezingashintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zensimbi. Ukushisa kuthinta ukunyakaza kokuguquguquka, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, kanye nezimo zesikhathi eside ezifana nokukhukhuleka. Ukucindezela kuthonya ubuningi, ukukhubazeka, ukugoba, futhi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, kungashintsha isigaba sekristalu. Ezinhlelweni eziningi zezimboni, lezi zici ezimbili zisebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngakho-ke umphumela wazo ohlangene unquma ukusebenza kokugcina kwezinto. Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezela, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesakhiwo esincane, onjiniyela kanye nabasebenzi bokukhiqiza bangakhetha izinto ezifanele, izinqubo zokulawula, futhi baklame izingxenye eziphephile nezihlala isikhathi eside.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe “esinobuchwepheshe” kakhulu (ngamagrafu omqondo, izibalo eziyisisekelo, kanye nezibonelo ezithile ze-alloy) noma sibe “esithandwa” kakhulu kumfundi ojwayelekile.
