Amathuluzi Nemishini Esetshenziswa Emalabhorethri Ensimbi
Amalabhorethri e-Metallurgy ayizikhungo ezibalulekile embonini yokukhiqiza, ubunjiniyela, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. Lapha, kwenziwa izinqubo eziningi zokuhlola nokuhlaziya izinto ukuze kuqondwe izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezinsimbi kanye nezinsimbi zazo. Ukuze kutholakale imiphumela enembile nethembekile, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi nemishini ehlukahlukene eyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngamathuluzi nemishini ehlukahlukene evame ukutholakala elabhorethri ye-metallurgy.
1. I-Microscope Yensimbi
Ama-microscope ensimbi angamathuluzi abalulekile okubuka isakhiwo esincane sezinsimbi nama-alloy. Lawa ma-microscope afaka ukukhanya okunamandla nama-lens optical avumela ukubonwa okuningiliziwe kosayizi wezinhlamvu, ukufakwa, kanye nezinye izakhiwo zesigaba. Ama-microscope ensimbi angahlanganiswa nesofthiwe yokuhlaziya izithombe ukuze kukhiqizwe imibiko eningiliziwe ngesakhiwo sezinto ezibonakalayo.
2. I-Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES)
I-optical emission spectrometer (OES) iyithuluzi lokuhlaziya elisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezinsimbi nama-alloy. Ngokufudumeza isampula kuze kube yilapho incibilika futhi ikhipha ukukhanya, i-OES ingabona izakhi ezahlukahlukene ngokusekelwe ku-spectrum yokukhanya ekhishwayo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokulingana.
3. Umshini Wokuhlola Oqinile
Imishini yokuhlola ukuthambekela isetshenziselwa ukukala izakhiwo zemishini zezinto, njengamandla okuthambekela, ukunwebeka, kanye ne-modulus yokuthambekela. Amasampula ensimbi ayaboshwa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi futhi adonswe ukuze aphuke, imiphumela yokuhlola inikeza idatha ebalulekile yokuklama nokuhlaziya izingxenye zesakhiwo.
4. I-X-ray Diffractometer (XRD)
Ama-diffractometer e-X-ray (XRD) angamathuluzi okuhlaziya abalulekile okuhlonza izigaba zekristalu ezintweni. I-XRD isebenza ngokukhipha ama-X-ray kusampula nokulinganisa i-engeli kanye nobukhulu bemisebe eboniswayo. Kusukela kuphethini ye-diffraction ephumayo, isakhiwo sekristalu kanye nezingxenye zesigaba kungabonakala.
5. Umshini Wokuhlola Ubulukhuni
Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kuyindlela esheshayo yokuhlola izakhiwo zemishini zezinto. Izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlola ubulukhuni, njengeVickers, Brinell, kanye neRockwell, zisetshenziselwa ukukala ingozi yokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kwezinto ezingaphansi komthwalo othile. Umshini wokuhlola ubulukhuni usebenzisa i-indenter ekhethekile ukucindezela ebusweni bezinto, futhi ukujula noma usayizi we-indenti ophumelayo kulinganiswa ukuze kubalwe ubulukhuni bazo.
6. Isithando Somlilo
Isithando somlilo siwumshini osetshenziselwa ukushisa izinto. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukushisa, ukuguga, ukucima, kanye nezinye izinqubo ezahlukene zokushisa ezingathuthukisa izakhiwo zomzimba nezemishini zezinsimbi nama-alloy. Izithando zomlilo ziza ngezinhlobo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, kusukela ezithandweni ezincane zelebhu kuya ezithandweni ezinkulu zezimboni.
7. Iskena i-Electron Microscope (SEM)
I-scanning electron microscope (SEM) iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola isimo sendawo yensimbi ezingeni le-microscope. Ama-SEM asebenzisa umsebe wama-electron ukukhiqiza izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu sobuso besampula. Ama-SEM angaphinde afakwe ama-energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detectors ukuze kuhlaziywe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuningiliziwe.
8. I-Thermomechanical Analyzer (TMA)
I-thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) iyithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukukala izinguquko ezakhiweni ezibonakalayo zezinto njengomsebenzi wokushisa nesikhathi ngaphansi komthwalo olawulwayo. Ama-TMA asetshenziselwa ukutadisha izakhiwo zokushisa zezinsimbi nama-alloy, njenge-coefficient of thermal expansion, izinguquko zesigaba, kanye nokuguquguquka kokushisa.
9. I-Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
I-Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) iyithuluzi lokuhlaziya ukushisa elisetshenziselwa ukutadisha izinguquko zamandla ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. I-DSC iwusizo kakhulu ekunqumeni iphuzu lokuncibilika, ingcindezi yesigaba, kanye nomthamo wokulinganisa ukushisa kwezinto. Inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokuzinza kokushisa kanye nokuziphatha kwe-thermodynamic kwezinsimbi nama-alloy.
10. Umhloli we-Ultrasonic
Umhloli we-ultrasonic uyithuluzi elingonakalisi elisetshenziselwa ukuthola imifantu, amaphutha, noma okufakiwe ezintweni zensimbi kusetshenziswa amaza e-ultrasonic. Leli thuluzi libalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubuqotho besakhiwo sezingxenye zensimbi ngaphandle kokuzilimaza.
11. Imishini Yokuqopha Izinsimbi
I-Metallography ihilela ukubheka nokuhlaziya isakhiwo esincane sezinto zensimbi ngokulungiselela amasampula, ukusika, ukusaphaza, nokupholisha. Amathuluzi ahlukahlukene anjengezicucu zamasampula, izihlanzi, kanye nezihlanzi zokupholisha asetshenziswa kule nqubo. Ngemva kokuba isampula isilungisiwe, kusetshenziswa amasu okuchoboza amakhemikhali ukuze kwembulwe ngokucacile isakhiwo esincane ngaphambi kokuba sibonwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope.
12. Isofthiwe Yokuhlaziya Izinto
Isofthiwe yokuhlaziya izinto isetshenziselwa ukucubungula nokuhlaziya idatha etholwe kumathuluzi ahlukahlukene kanye nokuhlolwa. Le software ivumela ukubona nokuhumusha idatha ngokujulile, isiza ososayensi ukuqonda izakhiwo zezinto kanye nokuziphatha kwazo ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene.
13. Imishini Yokuhlola Ukugqwala
Imishini yokuhlola ukugqwala isetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukumelana kwezinto ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokugqwala, njengokugqwala okufanayo, ukugqwala kwe-crevice, kanye nokugqwala kwemigodi. Ivame ukusetshenziswa nezixazululo ezigqwala ezilawulwa izinga lokushisa kanye nobude besikhathi ukuze zilingise izimo zemvelo izinto ezingase zihlangane nazo ekusetshenzisweni kwazo kokugcina.
Isiphetho
Amalabhorethri e-Metallurgy adlala indima ebalulekile ocwaningweni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekuhlolweni kwezinto zensimbi. Besebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene athuthukile kanye nemishini efana nama-microscope e-metallurgical, ama-spectrometer okukhipha i-optical, imishini yokuhlola i-tensile, ama-diffractometer e-X-ray, imishini yokuhlola ubulukhuni, ama-furnace, ama-SEM, ama-TMA, ama-DSC, abahloli be-ultrasonic, imishini ye-metallographic, isofthiwe yokuhlaziya izinto, kanye nemishini yokuhlola ukugqwala, ososayensi nonjiniyela bangafunda futhi bathuthukise izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zezinsimbi kanye nama-alloy azo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuklama nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezingcono nezithembekile zezicelo zezimboni nezentengiselwano.
