Amathuluzi Nemishini Esetshenziswa Emalebhu Ensimbi: Ukuhlola Okujulile
I-Metallurgy, igatsha lesayensi nobuchwepheshe eliphathelene nezakhiwo zezinsimbi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwazo kanye nokuhlanzwa kwazo, liyisisekelo semikhuba yesimanje yezimboni kanye nobunjiniyela. Ukuze kufezwe ukunemba okudingekayo kulo mkhakha, isethi eqinile yamathuluzi okuhlaziya kanye nemishini ibalulekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola amathuluzi abalulekile kanye nemishini evame ukutholakala emalabhorethri e-metallurgy, sikhanyisa imisebenzi yawo, ukubaluleka kwawo, kanye nomthelela wawo ocwaningweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinsimbi.
1. Ama-Microscope
Ama-microscope angenye yezinsimbi ezibaluleke kakhulu elebhu ye-metallurgy. Asetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya isakhiwo sezinsimbi kanye ne-alloys, okunquma izakhiwo zazo kanye nokuziphatha kwazo.
I-Optical Microscopes
Lezi yizimakroskopu zendabuko ezisebenzisa ukukhanya ukukhulisa isampula. Zibalulekile ekuhloleni isakhiwo sezinhlamvu, izigaba, kanye nokufakwa kwazo ekukhulisweni okufika cishe ku-1000x. I-optical microscopy inikeza indlela esheshayo neqondile yokubona izici ezijwayelekile zamasampula ensimbi.
Ukuskena Ama-Microscope E-Electron (i-SEM)
I-SEM inikeza ukukhulisa okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokujula kwensimu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-microscopes optical. Basebenzisa umsebe ogxilile wama-electron ukukhiqiza izithombe ezinemininingwane zobuso besampula ezingeni lama-molecule, behlinzeka ngolwazi mayelana ne-topography, ukwakheka, kanye nesakhiwo sekristalu. I-SEM ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kokwehluleka, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi.
2. Ama-Spectrometer
Ama-spectrometer ahlaziya ukwakheka kwezinto eziyisisekelo zamasampula ensimbi ngokusebenzisa amasu e-spectroscopic.
Ama-Spectrometer e-Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
Ama-spectrometer e-ICP asebenzisa i-ionization yesampula esebenzisa i-argon plasma futhi alinganise ukukhanya okukhishwe kuma-wavelength ahlukile ukuze abone futhi alinganise izinto ezikhona. Le ndlela ibucayi kakhulu futhi ingathola izinto ezilandelanayo ngamanani aphansi kakhulu, okubalulekile ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi nasekuhlaziyweni kokulandelela.
Ama-spectrometer e-X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
I-XRF iyindlela yokuhlaziya engonakalisi esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukwakheka kwezinto ezahlukahlukene. Uma amasampula evezwa kuma-X-ray, akhipha ama-X-ray esibili (e-fluorescent). Amazinga wamandla akhishwayo kanye namandla akhishwayo kulinganiswa ukuze kutholakale futhi kulinganiswe izinto.
3. Abahloli Bokuqina
Abahloli bokuqina balinganisa ukumelana kwezinto ezibonakalayo ekuguqukeni, okuyisici esibalulekile sezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi.
Abahloli Bokuqina Kwe-Rockwell
Abahloli bobulukhuni beRockwell bahlola ubulukhuni bezinsimbi ngokufaka i-indent kuleyo nto ngebhola ledayimane noma le-tungsten carbide bese belinganisa ukujula kokungena ngaphansi komthwalo oqinile. Isikali seRockwell sinikeza indlela esheshayo nengabhubhisi yokuhlola ubulukhuni.
Abahloli Bokuqina beVickers
Abahloli bobulukhuni be-Vickers basebenzisa i-indenter yephiramidi yedayimane futhi balinganisa ubude obuqondile bokugoba ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinsimbi futhi ivumela ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni be-micro, inikeze ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nokwehluka kobulukhuni ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-micro.
4. Imishini Yokuhlola Eqinile
Imishini yokuhlola ukuthamba inquma amandla okuthamba, ukunwebeka, kanye nokuqina kwezinto zensimbi.
Imishini Yokuhlola Ebanzi (i-UTM)
Ama-UTM ayizinto ezisebenziseka kalula ezenza izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene okuhlanganisa ukucindezela, ukucindezela, kanye nokugoba ezintweni eziningi ezahlukene. Umshini ulinganisa amandla adingekayo ukuze kwandiswe isampula kuze kube yilapho iphuka, okunikeza ukuqonda ngezakhiwo zomshini ezifana namandla okucindezela, amandla okukhiqiza, kanye nokwelulwa.
5. Izithando Zomlilo Nama-oven
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kuyinqubo eyisisekelo kwezensimbi, esetshenziselwa ukushintsha izakhiwo zomzimba kanye nezingamakhemikhali zento ethile.
Izithando Zomlilo Ezithambile
Izitofu ze-muffle zinikeza izindawo ezilawulwayo zokushisa okuphezulu (kufika ku-1800°C) zezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokwelapha ukushisa ezifana nokunamathela, ukuthulula, kanye nokufaka i-calcin. Zibalulekile ekuguquleni izakhiwo ze-metallurgical ukuze kufezwe ubulukhuni obufiselekayo, amandla, kanye nokuguquguquka.
Izithando Zepayipi
Izitofu zamapayipi zakhiwe yigumbi eliyindilinga elingashiswa ngokulinganayo. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa izinqubo ezidinga umoya olawulwayo, njenge-carburization, i-nitriding, kanye ne-tempering. Ukulawula okunembile kwamazinga okushisa kanye namazinga okushisa abakunikezayo kubalulekile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni.
6. Imishini Yokulungiselela Isampula
Ukulungiswa kahle kwamasampula kubalulekile ekuhlaziyweni okunembile kwe-metallurgical.
Imishini Yokugaya Nokucwebezelisa
Le mishini ilungiselela amasampula ensimbi ngokuwagaya nokuwapholisha ukuze kufezwe indawo ebushelelezi, eyisicaba edingekayo ekuhlolweni ngemicroscope. Le nqubo ihilela izigaba eziningi, iqala ngokugaya okuqinile ukuze kususwe amaphutha bese kuqhubekela ekupholiseni okuncane ukuze kuqedwe njengesibuko.
Imishini yokusika
Imishini yokusika inquma futhi ihlukanise amasampula ensimbi ngaphandle kokufaka ukucindezeleka okukhulu kokushisa noma komshini okungashintsha isakhiwo sesampula. Ukusika okunembile kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale amasampula anembile futhi amele ukuhlaziywa.
7. Imishini Yokuhlaziya Amakhemikhali
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kunquma ukwakheka kanye nokuhlushwa kwezinto kumasampula ensimbi.
Ama-Spectrophotometers
Ama-spectrophotometer alinganisa ubukhali bokukhanya okumuncwa yisisombululo kuma-wavelength athile, okusiza ekunqumeni ukuhlushwa kwezinto ezincibilikisiwe. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlaziyeni izinqubo ze-alloy nasekutholeni ukungcola.
8. Imishini Yokuhlola Engonakalisi (NDT)
Izindlela ze-NDT zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubuqotho kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo.
Imishini Yokuhlola ye-Ultrasonic
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic kusebenzisa amaza omsindo avame kakhulu ukuthola amaphutha angaphakathi, ukukala ukujiya, kanye nokuhlukanisa izinto. Kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuhlonza imifantu, izikhala, kanye nokunye ukungaqhubeki.
Ukuhlolwa Kwezinhlayiya Ezizibuthe (MPI)
I-MPI ithola amaphutha aphezulu naseduze kwezinto ze-ferromagnetic. Le nqubo ihilela ukufaka isampula kumagnethi nokusebenzisa izinhlayiya zamagnetic ezihlangana lapho kungenzeki khona, okwenza zibonakale ngaphansi kwe-UV noma ukukhanya okumhlophe.
9. Amakamelo Omoya Olawulwayo
Amakamelo omkhathi alawulwayo ahlinzeka ngezimo ezithile zemvelo, njengemimoya yegesi engasebenzi noma i-vacuum, edingekayo ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlola kanye nezinqubo ze-metallurgical. Abalulekile ekutadisheni i-oxidation, ukugqwala, kanye nokwenza izivivinyo ezibucayi zokushisa okuphezulu.
Isiphetho
Amathuluzi nemishini yesimanje yamalebhu e-Metallurgy idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu nokusebenzisa izinto zensimbi. Kusukela kuma-microscope aveza izakhiwo ezincane eziyinkimbinkimbi kuya kuma-spectrometer aveza izinqubo zezakhi, ithuluzi ngalinye lisiza ekutadisheni nasekubunjweni kwezinsimbi ngokucophelela. Abahloli bokuqina kanye nemishini yokudonsa baqonda izakhiwo zemishini, kuyilapho izitofu zenza kube lula ukwelashwa kokushisa okubalulekile. Amathuluzi okulungiselela amasampula aqinisekisa ukuhlaziywa okunembile, njengoba imishini yokuhlola yamakhemikhali nengeyona ebhubhisayo inikeza ukuqonda okuphelele ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ubuqotho. Njengoba insimu ithuthuka, lawa mathuluzi ngokungangabazeki azoqhubeka nokubumba ikusasa le-metallurgy, eqhuba ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nobuhle kwisayensi yensimbi kanye nobunjiniyela.
