Isayensi Yezinsimbi Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
Isayensi yensimbi nezinto zokwakha ingase izwakale njengezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivezwa emahholo angcwele amanyuvesi kanye nama-laboratory ezimboni, kodwa imiphumela yazo ihlanganiswe ngokuyinkimbinkimbi empilweni yansuku zonke. Le mikhakha, ephathelene nokutadisha, ukuklama, kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsimbi nezinye izinto, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo eminingi kanye nobuchwepheshe esivame ukubuthatha kalula.
Umongo Womlando kanye Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Uhambo lwe-metallurgy luqala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, ngokuqala kwempucuko lapho abantu bokuqala bathola indlela yokukhipha nokusebenzisa izinsimbi ematsheni ayigugu. I-Bronze Age kanye ne-Iron Age zifanekisela izinguquko zomlando eziphawulwe yintuthuko ebalulekile kumasu e-metallurgical. Ngezinqubo zokuncibilikisa nokubumba eziyisisekelo, imiphakathi yasendulo yabeka isisekelo sobunjiniyela besimanje kanye nesayensi yezinto zokwakha.
Emakhulwini eminyaka, lo mkhakha wathuthuka, wahlanganisa izimiso zesayensi kanye nendlela yokusebenza. NgeNguquko Yezimboni, ubuchwepheshe bokubumba izinsimbi base bethuthukele kwisayensi enembile nehlelekile, besekela ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwemishini, ezokuthutha kanye nokwakha. Isayensi yezinto zanamuhla idlula ubuchwepheshe bokubumba izinsimbi, ihlanganisa izinto zobumba, ama-polymer, kanye nezinhlanganisela, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa amandla ethu okudala izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi nezisebenzayo.
I-Metallurgy Kwingqalasizinda Yesimanje
Ezweni lanamuhla, i-metallurgy isenhliziyweni yengqalasizinda yethu. Cabanga ngensimbi ezakhiweni eziphakeme, amabhuloho, kanye nezitimela. Ukuqina, ukuqina, kanye nokuguquguquka kwensimbi kushintshe izindawo zasemadolobheni, okwenza kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezinde kanye namanethiwekhi ezokuthuthwa abanzi. I-Eiffel Tower, isimangaliso sobunjiniyela bekhulu le-19, iwubufakazi bamandla ahlala njalo kanye nokuguquguquka kwensimbi eqoshiwe - impumelelo ye-metallurgy yasekuqaleni.
Izimboni zensimbi nezensimbi azibalulekile nje kuphela ekuqineni kwesakhiwo sengqalasizinda kodwa nakwezomnotho, zihlinzeka ngemisebenzi futhi zikhuthaza intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Intuthuko ekuthuthukisweni kwe-alloy, njengezinsimbi ezinamandla aphezulu, ezine-alloy ephansi (i-HSLA), iholele ezintweni ezilula neziqinile, ezithinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokongiwa kwezinsiza ekwakheni.
Isayensi Yezinto Ezisetshenziswayo Kwezobuchwepheshe Nobuchwepheshe
Isikhathi sethu sedijithali sakhiwe ngokuyisisekelo ezimisweni zesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ama-semiconductor, umgogodla we-elekthronikhi, akhona ngenxa yobuciko bezakhiwo ze-silicon. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transistors, ama-microchip, kanye nama-circuits ahlanganisiwe kamuva kwaguqula kakhulu ikhompyutha kanye nokuxhumana, okwaholela kuma-smartphone, amakhompyutha, kanye namathelevishini manje ayingxenye ebalulekile empilweni yanamuhla.
Ubuchwepheshe bebhethri bungenye indawo lapho intuthuko kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ibaluleke khona. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion, isibonelo, athembele ezintweni eziklanywe ngokukhethekile ezivumela i-elekthronikhi ephathekayo, izimoto zikagesi, kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ucwaningo ngezinto ezintsha, njenge-solid-state electrolytes kanye nama-electrode compounds athuthukile, luthembisa ukuthuthukisa amakhono kanye nokuphepha kwamabhethri esikhathi esizayo.
Izicelo Zansuku Zonke Zesayensi Yensimbi Nezinto Zokusebenza
Umuntu akanakukhohlwa umthelela wesayensi yensimbi kanye nezinto zokwakha ezintweni zasekhaya. Izinto zasekhishini, izimoto, ngisho nezinto zokusika esizisebenzisayo konke kuyimikhiqizo yokukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha ngokucophelela kanye nobunjiniyela. Insimbi engagqwali, ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwezinto zasekhishini, ihlanganisa ukumelana nokugqwala nokukhanga kobuhle, okuvela ekufakweni okulawulwayo kwe-chromium ensimbini.
Emkhakheni wamagajethi omuntu siqu, ama-alloy e-aluminium alula asetshenziswa kuma-smartphone nama-laptop alinganisela amandla nesisindo, athuthukisa ukuphatheka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuqina. Ukunemba ekukhetheni ama-alloy kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kuqinisekisa ukuthi la madivayisi ahlangabezana nokulindelwe ngabasebenzisi okudingakalayo.
Intuthuko Yezokwelapha Nezempilo
Insimu yezempilo nayo izuze kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezinto zokwakha. Izinsimbi zokuhlinza, izitho zokufakelwa, kanye nezitho zokufakelwa, isibonelo, manje sezenziwe ngezinto ezihambisana ne-bio ezinciphisa ingozi yokwenqatshwa futhi zithuthukise imiphumela yesiguli. I-Titanium, eyaziwa ngamandla ayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo okuphansi, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekufakweni kwamalunga kanye nokufakelwa kwamazinyo.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu eziphilayo zisemngceleni wocwaningo lwezokwelapha, zinikeza amathuba ezinhlelo zokulethwa kwemithi, ukwelashwa komdlavuza, kanye nobunjiniyela bezicubu. Izinto ezihlakaniphile ezingasabela ezimweni zomzimba zivula indlela yokusungula izinto ezintsha ekuxilongeni nasekuphatheni, ziguqula imithi yesimanje.
Izixazululo Zemvelo Nezisimeme
Njengoba kugcizelelwa kakhulu ekusimeni okuzinzile, ososayensi bezinsimbi kanye nezinto zokwakha bahamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni izinto nezinqubo ezinobungani nemvelo. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe izinsimbi ezifana ne-aluminium, ithusi, nensimbi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni izinsiza zemvelo kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-polymer abolakalayo kanye nezinhlanganisela njengezindlela ezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sepulasitiki evamile nakho kuqhutshwa yisayensi yezinto zokwakha, okuhlose ukunciphisa imiphumela yemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko ezintweni zobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo, njengamaseli e-photovoltaic amaphaneli elanga kanye nezinsimbi zama-wind turbine blades, zibalulekile ekushintsheni komhlaba wonke emithonjeni yamandla esimeme. Izinto ezintsha zigxile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko, okwenza ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza butholakale kalula futhi bube wusizo.
Ikusasa Lesayensi Yezinsimbi Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo
Uma sibheka phambili, amathuba esayensi yensimbi kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo abonakala engenamkhawulo. Ukufika kwe-informatics yezinto ezibonakalayo, okuhlanganisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nesayensi yedatha nocwaningo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, kusheshisa ukutholakala kanye nokwenza ngcono izinto ezintsha. Imiqondo efana 'ne-genome yezinto ezibonakalayo' isunduza imingcele yalokho okungenzeka, ithembisa imijikelezo yokusungula izinto ezintsha esheshayo kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili.
Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe, noma ukuphrinta kwe-3D, kumelela enye indawo entsha. Ngokuvumela ukulawula okunembile kokubekwa kwezinto, lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ukudalwa kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingaba yinselele noma ezingenakwenzeka ngamasu okukhiqiza endabuko. Ikhono lokuphrinta izinsimbi nezinhlanganisela ze-3D livula amathuba amasha ezimbonini kusukela ezindiza kuya ekunakekelweni kwezempilo.
Isiphetho
Isayensi yensimbi nezinto zokwakha zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekusebenzisekeni kalula kwempilo yanamuhla, kanye nethonya lazo eliqala ezintweni eziyisisekelo zengqalasizinda kuya kumadivayisi obuchwepheshe ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuthuthuka kwazo okuqhubekayo kanye nokufuna njalo izinto ezintsha nezindlela kuthembisa hhayi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kodwa futhi nokubhekana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke ekusimeni, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nangale kwalokho.
Njengoba sibhekana nobunzima bekhulu lama-21, ukuqonda nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zesayensi kuzohlala kubalulekile, kuqhubekisele phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha futhi kunikeze izixazululo ezithuthukisa ikhwalithi kanye nokusimama kokuphila komuntu. Ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwesayensi yensimbi kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo kuqhubekela phambili empilweni yansuku zonke kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwazo okuyisisekelo kanye nekhono elijabulisayo eliseza.
