Umehluko Phakathi Kwensimbi Ene-Ferrous Nengeyona I-Ferrous
I-Metallurgy, isayensi nobuchwepheshe bezinsimbi, insimu eqala ekuqaleni kwempucuko. Izinsimbi zidlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemiphakathi yabantu, zinegalelo kumathuluzi, izakhiwo, ezezimali, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. I-Metallurgy ihlukaniswe kabanzi ngezigaba ezimbili: i-ferrous kanye ne-non-ferrous, ngokusekelwe ekubeni khona noma ukungabikho kwensimbi. Lesi sihloko sihlola umehluko phakathi kwe-ferrous kanye ne-non-ferrous metallurgy, sihlola izici zazo, ukusetshenziswa, izinqubo zokukhipha, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe, kanye nokubaluleka kwezomnotho.
Izici kanye Nokwakheka
Insimbi Ene-Ferrous:
Izinsimbi zensimbi zichazwa ngokuqukethwe kwazo kwensimbi. Izinsimbi zensimbi ezivame kakhulu zifaka insimbi uqobo, kanye nezinsimbi ezifana nensimbi, insimbi ephonswe, kanye nensimbi esebenziwe. Insimbi, isibonelo, iyinhlanganisela eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngensimbi nekhabhoni, kanti okuqukethwe yikhabhoni kuthuthukisa amandla ayo kanye nobunzima bayo.
Izinsimbi zensimbi ngokuvamile zinamandla kazibuthe, okungaba wusizo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Zivame nokugqwala lapho zivezwa umswakama nomoya-mpilo, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-oxidation. Lesi sici senza ukumelana nokugqwala kube yinto ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi yensimbi, okwenza kudingeke ukusetshenziswa kwezimbozo, upende, nezinye izindlela zokuzivikela.
Insimbi Engenalo I-Ferrous:
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous azinazo insimbi. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izinsimbi eziningi ezihlanganisa i-aluminium, ithusi, i-zinc, i-tin, i-lead, i-nickel, kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide, isiliva, ne-platinum. Ngayinye yalezi zinsimbi inezakhiwo ezihlukile. Isibonelo, i-aluminium ilula futhi imelana nokugqwala, ithusi linomoya omuhle kakhulu kagesi nokushisa, kanti igolide lithambile kakhulu futhi limelana nokugqwala.
Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous ngokuvamile zimelana kakhulu nokugqwala nokugqwala uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ze-ferrous. Ngokuvamile azina-magnetic, okungaba yisici esibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe obuthile.
Izicelo
Insimbi Ene-Ferrous:
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zensimbi ensimbi ensimbi kubanzi kakhulu. Insimbi, njengoba ingenakuqhathaniswa ngamandla nokuqina, isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, amabhuloho, ingqalasizinda, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhamba, njengezimoto nemikhumbi. Izinsimbi zensimbi ensimbi zisetshenziswa nasekukhiqizeni imishini, amathuluzi, kanye namapayipi. Insimbi ensimbi ensimbi, eyaziwa ngokugeleza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuphotha, ithola ukusetshenziswa kumabhulokhi enjini, amapayipi, kanye nezimpahla zasekhishini.
Izakhiwo zikagesi zensimbi yensimbi nazo ziyasetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwama-motor kagesi, ama-transformer, kanye namadivayisi okugcina amandla kazibuthe.
Insimbi Engenalo I-Ferrous:
Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous zinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene nezibalulekile ngokulinganayo. I-aluminium, isibonelo, ibaluleke kakhulu embonini yezindiza ngenxa yesilinganiso sayo samandla nesisindo. Iphinde isetshenziswe ekupakisheni, ekwakheni, kanye nasezintweni zikagesi ezisetshenziswa ngabathengi.
Ithusi libaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwalo okuphezulu; lisetshenziswa ekuxhumeni izintambo, ezixhumini zikagesi, kanye nasezindizeni zesekethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithusi lisetshenziswa ezintweni zokufaka amapayipi kanye nophahla ngenxa yokuqina kwalo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.
I-Zinc isetshenziswa kakhulu ekugayweni kwensimbi ukuze iyivikele ekugqwaleni, kuyilapho i-nickel ibalulekile kuma-alloy asebenza kahle asetshenziswa ezinjinini zejethi nasezitshalweni zikagesi. Izinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva zithola ukusetshenziswa kuma-elekthronikhi, ubucwebe, kanye nezimoto zokutshala imali.
Izinqubo Zokukhipha
Insimbi Ene-Ferrous:
Ukukhishwa kwensimbi ngokuvamile kuhilela ukunciphisa ama-ore ensimbi, njenge-hematite ne-magnetite, esithandweni somlilo. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuncibilikisa, lapho i-ore ishiswa khona emazingeni okushisa aphezulu lapho kukhona into enciphisa njenge-coke, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwensimbi encibilikisiwe kanye ne-slag. Le nsimbi ingabe isicutshungulwa kabanzi ibe ama-alloy ahlukahlukene e-ferrous ngokulungisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni nokwengeza ezinye izinto ezifana ne-chromium, i-manganese, noma i-nickel.
Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kuvame ukuhilela izinqubo ezengeziwe ezifana nokwenza insimbi ye-oxygen eyisisekelo (BOS) noma ukwenza insimbi ye-electric arc furnace (EAF), okulungisa insimbi encibilikisiwe ibe imikhiqizo yensimbi esezingeni eliphezulu.
Insimbi Engenalo I-Ferrous:
Ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngenxa yohlobo oluhlukahlukene lwalezi zinsimbi. Isibonelo, i-bauxite (i-aluminium ore) icutshungulwa kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-Bayer ukukhipha i-alumina, bese incishiswa ibe yinsimbi ye-aluminium kumaseli e-electrolytic.
Ukukhishwa kwethusi kungabandakanya izindlela ze-pyrometallurgical, lapho i-ore incibilikiswa khona emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kanye nezindlela ze-hydrometallurgical, ezisebenzisa izixazululo zamanzi ukukhipha insimbi. Ukukhetha indlela yokukhipha kuncike ohlotsheni lwe-ore kanye nobumsulwa obufunwayo bomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ezinye izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous zinezinqubo zazo zokukhipha ezihlukile, njengokusebenzisa i-froth flotation ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-zinc ores noma inqubo ye-cyanide yokukhipha igolide.
Ukusebenziseka Kabusha kanye Nomphumela Wemvelo
Insimbi Ene-Ferrous:
Izinsimbi zensimbi zingasetshenziswa kabusha kakhulu, futhi insimbi elahliwe iyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile embonini yokwenza insimbi. Ukuphinda usebenzise izinsimbi zensimbi akugcini nje ngokulondoloza imithombo yemvelo kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kokuqala. Kodwa-ke, umthelela wezemvelo wokumbiwa nokucubungula izinsimbi zensimbi, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuwohloka komhlaba, ukungcola kwamanzi, kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kusalokhu kuyinkinga.
Insimbi Engenalo I-Ferrous:
Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous nazo zingasetshenziswa kabusha kakhulu. Izinsimbi ezifana ne-aluminium zingaphinde zisetshenziswe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yizimfanelo zazo, futhi amandla adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha i-aluminium ayingxenyana nje yalawo adingekayo ekukhiqizweni okuyinhloko. Ngokufanayo, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ithusi, i-lead, kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu kuzuzisa imvelo, kunciphisa isidingo sokumba futhi kunciphisa ukuwohloka kwemvelo.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhishwa nokucutshungulwa kwezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kwezemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza enobuthi, kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Intuthuko emikhubeni yezimayini eqhubekayo kanye nemithethonqubo ibalulekile ekunciphiseni le miphumela.
Ukubaluleka Kwezomnotho
Insimbi Ene-Ferrous:
Imboni yezinsimbi zensimbi iyisisekelo somnotho womhlaba. Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi, ikakhulukazi, kuyisibonakaliso esibalulekile sentuthuko nokukhula komnotho. Izimboni zokwakha, zezimoto, nezokukhiqiza zithembele kakhulu ezinsimbi zensimbi zensimbi, okwenza ukuguquguquka kwemakethe yazo kube yinto ebalulekile ekuzinzeni komnotho kanye nenqubekela phambili.
Insimbi Engenalo I-Ferrous:
Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni efana ne-elekthronikhi, izindiza, kanye namandla avuselelekayo. Isidingo sezinsimbi ezifana nethusi ne-aluminium siqhutshwa yintuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko yengqalasizinda. Izinsimbi eziyigugu zisebenza njengezimali kanye nokuvikela ezezimali ekungazinzini komnotho.
Isiphetho
I-metallurgy yensimbi kanye ne-non-ferrous imelela amagatsha amabili ayisisekelo esayensi yensimbi, ngalinye linezakhiwo ezihlukile, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nemiphumela yezomnotho. Izinsimbi zensimbi, ezibonakala ngokuqukethwe kwazo kwensimbi, zibalulekile ekwakheni nasekukhiqizeni, kuyilapho izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile ezinhlelweni zikagesi, ze-elekthronikhi, kanye nezobunjiniyela obukhethekile. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezimbili kubalulekile ekusebenziseni izakhiwo zazo ngempumelelo nangokuqhubekayo ezimbonini ezahlukene.
