Indlela Ezenziwa Ngayo Izinsimbi Ezingenalo Insimbi
Izinsimbi ezingezona i-fer, okuhlanganisa i-aluminium, ithusi, i-lead, i-zinc, ne-titanium, phakathi kwezinye, zidlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukene. Ngokungafani nezinsimbi ze-ferrous, izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous azinazo insimbi futhi ngokuvamile zimelana nokugqwala, zilula, futhi ziyaguquguquka kalula. Ukuqonda izindlela zokukhiqiza zalezi zinsimbi kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwazo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Lesi sihloko sigxila ezindleleni zokukhipha, ukucwenga, kanye nokucubungula izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous, siqokomisa isayensi nobunjiniyela obuziletha kusuka ensimbini ziye emakethe.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Ores
Uhambo lwezinsimbi ezingezona insimbi luqala ngokumba. Ukumba kuhilela ukukhipha ama-ore emhlabeni, okuyizinto eziqinile ezivela ngokwemvelo eziqukethe amakhemikhali ensimbi axutshwe nezinye izinto. Izindlela zokumba zingahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ensimbini kanye nendawo yayo yemvelo.
1. Ukumba Imigodi Evulekile: Lena yindlela evame kakhulu yokukhipha izinsimbi ezisindayo eduze komhlaba. Kumbiwa imigodi emikhulu ukuze kufinyelelwe emigodini yensimbi. Insimbi ibe isiqhunyiswa ngeziqhumane, ilayishwe emalolini, bese ithuthwa iye ezindaweni zokucubungula.
2. Ukumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba: Isetshenziselwa ama-ore deposit ajulile, le ndlela ihilela ukudala imigudu kanye nemigodi yokufinyelela nokukhipha i-ore. Le ndlela inzima kakhulu futhi idinga izinyathelo zokuphepha ezibalulekile.
Ukuhlushwa kwama-Ore
Ngemva kokukhipha, i-ore kumele iqoqwe ukuze kuhlukaniswe okuqukethwe kwensimbi okubalulekile ezintweni ezilahliwe. Amasu okuqoqwa ahlanganisa:
1. Ukuchoboza Nokugaya: I-ore ihlukaniswa ibe yizicucu ezincane ukuze kukhishwe amaminerali anensimbi edwaleni elingcolile.
2. Ukuntanta: Itshe elicoliwe kahle lixutshwa namanzi namakhemikhali ukuze kwakheke udaka. Kufakwa amabhamuza omoya, okubangela ukuthi amaminerali acebile ngensimbi anamathele kumabhamuza bese entanta phezu kwamanzi ukuze aqoqwe.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamagnetic: Iwusizo kuma-ore aqukethe izinsimbi zamagnetic, le ndlela ihilela ukusebenzisa omagnet ukuze kudonswe futhi kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezicebile ngensimbi emfucumfuceni ongeyona insimbi.
4. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamandla Adonsela Phansi: Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisa umehluko wobuningi phakathi kwamaminerali aqukethe insimbi nezinto ezilahliwe ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngokusebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi.
Ukuncibilika
I-ore ehlanganisiwe iyancibilikiswa ukuze kukhishwe insimbi. Ukuncibilikiswa kuhilela ukushisa i-ore esithandweni somlilo kuze kufike emazingeni okushisa aphezulu lapho kukhona into enciphisayo, ngokuvamile i-carbon ngesimo se-coke, ukuze kususwe ukungcola futhi kuhlukaniswe insimbi. Amasu athile ayahlukahluka ngokuya ngensimbi ecutshungulwayo.
1. Isithando Somlilo Esiqhumayo: Sisetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ezifana nethusi kanye nomthofu, i-ore, izinto zokunciphisa, kanti ukugeleza kwengezwa esithandweni, okukhiqiza insimbi kanye nemfucuza (imfucuza).
2. Isithando Somlilo Se-Electric Arc: Sisetshenziselwa ukuphinda sisebenzise futhi sicwengisise izinsimbi, lesi sithando sikhiqiza amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngokusebenzisa ama-arc kagesi ukuze sincibilikise insimbi.
3. Ukuthosa Nokunciphisa: Kwezinye izinqubo, njengokwelashwa kwe-sulfide ore, i-ore iyathosa ukuze iguqule ama-sulfide ensimbi abe ama-oxide, abe esencishiswa ukuze akhiqize insimbi.
Ukuncishiswa kwe-Electrolytic
Ngezinsimbi ezifana ne-aluminium ne-magnesium, ezisabela kakhulu futhi okunzima ukuzikhiqiza ngokuncibilikisa okuvamile, kusetshenziswa inqubo yokunciphisa i-electrolytic. Lokhu kuhilela ukuncibilikisa i-ore yensimbi esixazululweni nokusebenzisa ugesi ukuze kuncishiswe futhi kufakwe insimbi ku-cathode.
1. Inqubo ye-Hall-Héroult: Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium, i-bauxite ore iyacwengwa ukuze ikhiqize i-alumina, bese incibilikiswa ku-cryolite encibilikisiwe. Ugesi udlula, wehlise i-alumina ibe yinsimbi ye-aluminium.
2. Ukunqoba ngogesi: Kusetshenziswa njalo ekukhiqizweni kobhedu, lapho isixazululo se-copper sulfate sidlula khona ku-electrolysis ukuze sifake ubhedu oluhlanzekile ku-cathode.
Ukucwenga Nokuhlanganisa
Uma sezikhishiwe, izinsimbi ziyahlanzwa ukuze kufezwe ukwakheka okufiselekayo futhi kususwe ukungcola okusele. Izindlela zokucwenga zifaka:
1. Ukucwengisisa Umlilo: Kuhilela ukuncibilikisa insimbi nokususa ukungcola.
2. Ukucwengisiswa Kwe-Electrolytic: Insimbi engcolile isetshenziswa njenge-anode esitokisini se-electrolytic, lapho insimbi emsulwa ifakwa khona ku-cathode. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezinsimbini ezifana nethusi nesiliva.
Ukuhlanganisa, inqubo yokwengeza ezinye izakhi ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo, kwenzeka ngemva kwalokho. Izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi ezifana nethusi (ithusi ne-zinc), ithusi (ithusi ne-tin), kanye ne-duralumin (i-aluminium nethusi) zenzelwe ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini, ezingagqwali, noma zobuhle.
Ukubunjwa Nokubunjwa
Ngemva kokucwengisiswa, izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi ziyaphonswa noma zifakwe ezimweni ezidingekayo. Izindlela zifaka:
1. Ukuthunga: Insimbi encibilikisiwe ithululelwa ezikhumbeni ukuze ithathe isimo esifunwayo. Amasu ahlukene afaka phakathi ukuthunga ngesihlabathi, ukuthunga ngodayi, kanye nokuthunga okuqhubekayo.
2. Ukugingqa: Insimbi idlula ochungechungeni lwama-roller ukuze kufezwe ukujiya nesimo esifiselekayo, okuvame ukusetshenziswa kumashidi, amapuleti, nama-foil.
3. Ukukhipha: Insimbi iphoqwa ngedayi ukuze kudalwe izimo ezinde ezinezingxenye ezifanayo, ezisetshenziselwa amapayipi, izinduku, kanye namaphrofayili.
4. Ukwakha: Insimbi ibunjwa ngokusebenzisa amandla okucindezela, ikhiqize izingxenye eziqinile nezihlala isikhathi eside.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinsimbi Ezingenalo Insimbi
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezihlukile, izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi zithola ukusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimboni ezahlukene:
1. I-Aluminium: Ilula futhi ayigqwali, isetshenziswa ezindizeni, ezimotweni, ekupakisheni nasekwakheni.
2. Ithusi: Ukuhambisa kahle kukagesi nokushisa, okubalulekile ekuxhunyweni kwezintambo zikagesi, amapayipi, kanye nezinto zikagesi.
3. Umthofu: Uqinile futhi uyaguquguquka, usetshenziswa kumabhethri, ekuvikeleni imisebe, nasezintweni zokwakha.
4. I-Zinc: Ayimelani nokugqwala, isetshenziselwa insimbi egaya ngogesi, ama-alloy aphehla ngogesi, kanye nesengezo embonini yamakhemikhali.
5. I-Titanium: Isilinganiso samandla aphezulu nesisindo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, okubalulekile ezindizayo, ezifakelweni zezokwelapha, kanye nezimpahla zemidlalo.
Isiphetho
Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokumba, ukugxila, ukuncibilikisa, ukucwenga, nokubumba ziguqula izinsimbi zensimbi ezingezona insimbi zibe izakhi ezibalulekile zemboni yanamuhla. Ngokuqonda lezi zinqubo, siyazisa izimangaliso zobunjiniyela ezivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi eziyingxenye yempilo yethu yansuku zonke kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, nezindlela zethu zokusebenzisa lezi zinsiza zemvelo ezibalulekile, ziqinisekisa indawo yazo emisha yesikhathi esizayo.
