Umhlahlandlela Wabaqalayo Wemakethe Yamasheya
Imakethe yamasheya ivame ukuzwakala ikhanga ngoba inikeza ithuba lokukhula kwengcebo yesikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, kwabaqalayo, amagama anjengokuthi "umkhiphi," "isabelo," kanye "nokulinganisa" angaba yinto edidayo. Lesi sihloko sizokusiza uqonde izisekelo zemakethe yamasheya isinyathelo ngesinyathelo: kusukela emiqondweni, indlela yokuqala, amasu alula, kanye namaphutha okufanele uwagweme.
1. Iyini imakethe yamasheya?
Imakethe yamasheya yilapho kuthengiswa khona amasheya, awubufakazi bobunikazi enkampanini. Uma uthenga amasheya enkampanini, unengxenye encane yaleyo nkampani. Uma inkampani ikhula futhi isebenza kahle, inani lamasheya ayo lingakhuphuka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukusebenza kwawo kwehla noma umuzwa wemakethe ungemuhle, intengo yamasheya ingawa.
E-Indonesia, ukuhweba ngamasheya okuyinhloko kwenzeka kwi-Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Njengomtshali-zimali, awuthengi ngqo kwi-IDX, kodwa uthenga ngenkampani yezibambiso (umthengisi) osebenza njengomlamuleli walokho kuthengiselana.
2. Kungani abantu betshala imali emasheya?
Kunezizathu eziningana eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani abantu bekhetha amasheya njengethuluzi lokutshala imali:
a. Imbuyiselo engaba khona yesikhathi eside
Ngokomlando, amasheya avame ukunikeza imbuyiselo ephezulu kunezinsimbi ezilondolozayo (nakuba kungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi hhayi ngaphandle kwengozi).
b. Izabelo
Ezinye izinkampani zabela inzuzo kubanikazi bamasheya ngendlela yezabelo. Lokhu kungaba umthombo wemali engenayo engenziwanga, yize kungezona zonke izinkampani ezikhokha izinzuzo.
c. Ukulwa nokwehla kwamandla emali
Ukwehla kwamandla emali kunciphisa amandla okuthenga emali. Ukutshala imali kumasheya kungasiza izimpahla zakho zikhule ngenani elingaphezu kokwehla kwamandla emali esikhathini eside.
3. Izingozi okumele abaqalayo baziqonde
Amasheya awakona ukonga. Amanani esitoko ayashintshashintsha nsuku zonke, ngisho nangomzuzu nomzuzu. Ezinye izingozi ezibalulekile:
– Ingozi yokuguquguquka: amanani ashintshashintsha kakhulu ngenxa yezindaba, izimo zomnotho, izinqubomgomo, noma imizwa.
– Izingozi zezinkampani: isibonelo ukuphathwa kabi, izikweletu eziphezulu, ukwehla kokuthengisa, noma amahlazo.
– Ingozi yokuntuleka kwemali: amanye amasheya kunzima ukuwathengisa ngokushesha ngentengo efanele ngoba ukuthengiselana kuthule.
– Izingozi zengqondo: izinqumo zokwesaba lapho amanani ehla noma ubugovu lapho ekhuphuka buvame ukubangela ukulahlekelwa.
Lokhu kuqonda ingozi kukusiza ukuthi uthuthukise isu elingokoqobo futhi ungamangali lapho imakethe idlula lokho okulindelwe.
4. Amagama ayisisekelo okudingeka uwaqonde
Nazi amagama avame ukuvela:
– Amasheya: amalungelo obunikazi benkampani.
– Umkhiphi: inkampani ekhipha amasheya futhi ebhalwe ohlwini lwe-stock exchange.
– I-Lot: iyunithi yokuthengiselana kwesitoko e-Indonesia (ngokuvamile i-lot eyodwa = amasheya ayi-100).
– Inzuzo/ukulahlekelwa yimali: inzuzo/ukulahlekelwa umehluko phakathi kwentengo yokuthenga nentengo yokuthengisa.
– Izabelo: ukusatshalaliswa kwenzuzo yenkampani kubanikazi bamasheya.
– IHSG: inkomba echaza ukusebenza okuvamile kwemakethe yamasheya yase-Indonesia.
– Okuyisisekelo: ukuhlaziywa kwebhizinisi lenkampani kanye nezimo zezimali.
– Ezobuchwepheshe: hlaziya ukunyakaza kwentengo kanye nevolumu ukuze ufunde izitayela.
Asikho isidingo sokwazi konke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Qala ngamagama ozowathola njalo lapho uvula isicelo sezimali.
5. Izinyathelo zokuqala ukutshala imali kumasheya
a. Lungisa isikhwama sezimo eziphuthumayo futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izikweletu ziyalawulwa
Ngaphambi kokuthenga amasheya, kungcono ukuthi ube nesikhwama esiphuthumayo (isibonelo, izinyanga ezi-3-6 zezindleko zokuphila) futhi awuthwali umthwalo ngezitolimende. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze ugweme ukuphoqeleka ukuthengisa amasheya akho ngesikhathi sokuwa kwemakethe.
b. Nquma izinhloso nesikhathi
Zibuze: utshala imalini? Umhlalaphansi, inkokhelo yokuqala yendlu, noma omunye umgomo? Isikhathi esinqunyiwe sizothinta isu lakho. Amasheya ngokuvamile afaneleka kangcono emigomweni yesikhathi esimaphakathi kuya kweside (isib., iminyaka emi-3-10 noma ngaphezulu).
c. Vula i-akhawunti yesitoko (RDN) ngokusebenzisa izibambiso
Kuzodingeka ubhalise enkampanini yezibambiso. Inqubo manje isiku-inthanethi: gcwalisa imininingwane yakho, uqinisekise ubuwena bakho, bese unikezwa i-akhawunti yezimali zamakhasimende (RDN) yokugcina izimali zakho zokuthengiselana.
d. Faka imali bese uqala ngenani elincane
Abaqalayo akudingeki baqale yonke into ngokushesha. Qala ngenani elingeke liphazamise izimali zakho zansuku zonke. Ukugxila okuyinhloko ezigabeni zokuqala ukufunda inqubo: ukuthenga, ukuthengisa, ukuqonda izindleko zokuthengiselana, nokubuka ukunyakaza kwemakethe.
6. Indlela yokukhetha amasheya abaqalayo
Kunezindlela ezimbili ezidumile: eziyisisekelo kanye nezobuchwepheshe. Abaqalayo bangaqala ngezisekelo ezilula.
Ezinye izinkomba eziyisisekelo ongazinaka:
– Imali engenayo kanye nokusebenza kwenzuzo: ingabe ikhula futhi izinzile?
– Isikweletu sezinkampani: ingabe siyalawuleka? Izinkampani ezinezikweletu eziningi zingaba sengozini enkulu ngesikhathi sokwehla komnotho.
– Ukugeleza kwemali: inzuzo ephepheni inhle, kodwa ukugeleza kwemali okunempilo kubonisa ukuthi ibhizinisi empeleni lenza imali.
– Imodeli yebhizinisi kanye nombono wemboni: Ingabe sikhona isidingo somkhiqizo? Ingabe kukhona izitayela ezisekelayo?
– Ukuphathwa okuhle kwebhizinisi: idumela lokuphatha kanye nokusobala kwemibiko.
Uma ukuthola ukuhlaziya amasheya ngamanye kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ungase ucabangele isu elilula: ukukhetha izinkampani ezinkulu, ezisunguliwe (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi “ama-blue chips”) noma ukusebenzisa indlela ehlukahlukene kakhulu.
7. Ukuhlukahluka: isimiso esibalulekile sokuphatha ubungozi
Ukuhlukahluka kusho ukusabalalisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakho ezitokisini eziningi (noma emikhakheni) ukuze ugweme ukugxila engcupheni yakho enkampanini eyodwa. Isibonelo, ungatshali yonke imali yakho esitokisini esisodwa, noma ngabe uzizwa uqiniseka kakhulu.
Kwabaqalayo, ukuhlukahluka kungenziwa kancane kancane: qala ngamasheya angu-2-3 emikhakheni ehlukene, bese ukhula njengoba ukuqonda kwakho kuthuthuka. Kodwa-ke, khumbula, ukuhlukahluka akuqinisekisi inzuzo—kuhloswe ukunciphisa ingozi yokulahlekelwa okukhulu.
8. Isu elilula elifanele abaqalayo
a. Ukutshalwa kwezimali ngezikhathi ezithile (isilinganiso sezindleko zamadola/i-DCA)
Uthenga amasheya njalo (isibonelo, njalo ngenyanga) ngenani elifanayo noma ngokwecebo. Leli cebo lisiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokungakhokhi isikhathi ngoba uthenga ngamanani ahlukahlukene.
b. Ukugxila kwesikhathi eside ezinkampanini ezisezingeni eliphezulu
Esikhundleni sokujaha amasheya “akhula ngokushesha,” ukhetha izinkampani ezinamabhizinisi aqinile, bese uzibamba isikhathi eside ngenkathi uqhubeka nokuqapha izisekelo zawo.
c. Sebenzisa imikhawulo yengozi yomuntu siqu
Beka imithetho elula, isibonelo: lingakanani iphesenti eliphezulu lezimali ezinikezwe isitoko esisodwa, noma uzohlola kabusha nini uma ukusebenza kwebhizinisi kwehla.
9. Amaphutha avamile abaqalayo okufanele bawagweme
1. Ukulandela izincomo ngaphandle kokuqonda izingozi
Uma uthenga ngoba nje “abantu besho njalo”, uzokwethuka kalula lapho intengo yehla.
2. Ukungacabangi izindleko zokuthengiselana
Kunezimali zokuthenga nokuthengisa zezibambiso. Kubathengisi abahweba njalo, lezi zimali zinganciphisa inzuzo.
3. Ukusebenzisa imali ngezidingo zansuku zonke
Amasheya angawa noma nini. Sebenzisa izimali zokutshala imali, hhayi imali yokudla, irenti, noma izinkokhelo zendlu.
4. Ukuqapha amanani kaningi kakhulu
Uma imigomo yakho ingeyesikhathi eside, ukuyiqapha njalo ngehora empeleni kwandisa ukucindezeleka futhi kuholele ezinqumweni ezisheshayo.
5. Angifuni nhlobo ukufunda imibiko yezezimali
Akudingeki ube ngumhlaziyi, kodwa okungenani uqonde imiqondo yenzuzo, izikweletu, kanye nokugeleza kwemali ukuze ungathengi inkampani engazinzile.
10. Isiphetho: qala kancane, hlala njalo, futhi ube nesizotha
Ukutshala imali ngamasheya akuyona indlela yokuceba ngokushesha, kodwa inqubo yokwakha izimpahla njalo. Abaqalayo kufanele baqale ngezinto eziyisisekelo: baqonde ukuthi imakethe isebenza kanjani, baqaphele izingozi, bakhe uhlelo, bese bezijwayeza ngamanani amancane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uzojwayela ukufunda ulwazi, ukuhlola izinkampani, kanye nokuphatha imizwa yakho ngesikhathi sokushintshashintsha kwemakethe.
Uma ungathanda, ngingakusiza ukuthi udale inguqulo ecacile kakhulu ngokusekelwe ezimweni zakho: iminyaka, imigomo (isb., izimali zomhlalaphansi noma inkokhelo yokuqala yendlu), ukubekezelela izingozi, kanye nokuthi ingakanani imali ongayisebenzisa ngenyanga.
