Indlela Yokutshala Imali Kuma-Stock Index
Ukutshala imali kuma-stock indices kuthola ukuthandwa ngenxa yokuthi kulula, ukuhlukahluka, kanye nokufaneleka kwemigomo yezezimali yesikhathi eside. Esikhundleni sokukhetha ngakunye amasheya "angcono kakhulu", abatshalizimali be-index bafuna ukulandelela ukusebenza kwemakethe ethile noma ingxenye yemakethe ngemikhiqizo elingisa ukwakheka kwe-index. E-Indonesia, izibonelo ezivamile zama-indices zifaka phakathi i-Jakarta Composite Index (JCI), i-LQ45, i-IDX30, kanye nama-sectoral indices. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela yokutshala imali kuma-stock indices, izinketho zethuluzi, izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuqala, kanye nezinto ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa isu lokutshala imali eligxile kakhulu.
1. Qonda ukuthi iyini inkomba yesitoko
Inkomba yesitoko iyisilinganiso esichaza ukusebenza kweqembu lamasheya. Ama-index akhiwa ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni ezithile, njengokwenziwa kwemali emakethe, ukuthengiswa kwemali, noma umkhakha wezimboni. Isibonelo, inkomba ye-LQ45 iqukethe amasheya angu-45 akhethiwe ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni zokuthengiswa kwemali kanye nokuthengiswa kwemali emakethe. Ngenxa yokuthi inkomba imelela iqembu lamasheya, ukunyakaza kwayo kunganikeza isithombe esibanzi sezimo zemakethe kunesitoko esisodwa.
Kubatshalizimali, ama-index avame ukusetshenziswa njengezilinganiso zokuhlola ukusebenza kokutshalwa kwezimali. Uma iphothifoliyo yakho ikhiqiza imbuyiselo yonyaka engu-8%, kodwa i-benchmark index ikhuphuka ngo-12%, iphothifoliyo yakho "ayenzi kahle" emakethe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma imbuyiselo yakho iphakeme kune-index, "ushaya" i-benchmark. Ukutshala imali kwi-index kuvame ukusebenzisa indlela elandela ukusebenza kwemakethe, hhayi ukuyishaya.
2. Kungani ukutshala imali nge-index kukhanga?
Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani ukutshala imali kwi-index kuyisinqumo sabantu abaningi:
1. Ukuhlukahluka okuzenzakalelayo
Ukuthenga umkhiqizo osekelwe ku-index kusho ukuthi unethuba lokuthola amasheya amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukwehlukahluka kusiza ekunciphiseni ubungozi obuqondene nenkampani.
2. Izindleko zivame ukuba phansi
Imikhiqizo yezinkomba ngokuvamile iphathwa ngokunganaki (ukulingisa nje inkomba), ngakho-ke izimali zokuphatha zivame ukuba ziphansi kunezimali ezisebenzisanayo zezabelo.
3. Kulula futhi kuyaqondisa
Abatshalizimali akudingeki bahlaziye izitatimende zezimali zabakhiqizi abaningi ukuze bakhethe amasheya. Isu lilula: thenga njalo bese ubamba isikhathi eside.
4. Kufanelekela imigomo yesikhathi eside
Izinkomba zesitoko zomlando zivame ukubonisa ukuthambekela okukhuphukayo esikhathini eside, yize zingaphansi kokuguquguquka kwesikhathi esifushane.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukutshala imali kwi-index kusaphethe izingozi. Inani lokutshalwa kwezimali kwakho lingancipha ngesikhathi sokuwa kwemakethe, futhi akukho siqinisekiso senzuzo.
3. Izinketho zokutshala imali kuma-index esitoko
Nazi ezinye izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa ukuze uthole ukuchayeka kuma-stock indices:
a. Izimali ezihlanganyelwe ze-Index
Isikhwama senkomba yisikhwama sokubambisana esinephothifoliyo ehlelwe ukulingisa inkomba ethile. Abatshalizimali bathenga amayunithi esikhwama ngokusebenzisa umphathi wokutshalwa kwezimali noma ipulatifomu yokusabalalisa (isb., uhlelo lokusebenza lwesikhwama sokubambisana). Lo mkhiqizo ufanele abaqalayo ngoba inqubo ilula, ungaqala ngenani elincane, futhi awudingi ukuqapha imakethe nsuku zonke.
Izinzuzo: kulula, ingakhishwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, ihlukahluka kakhulu.
Okubi: kunezimali zokuphatha kanye nezinye izimali, futhi ukuthengiselana kulandela izikhathi ze-NAB (hhayi ngesikhathi sangempela).
b. I-ETF esekelwe ku-Index (i-Exchange Traded Fund)
Ama-ETF afana ne-mutual funds, kodwa athengiswa nge-exchange efana namasheya. Uwathenga nge-securities exchange usebenzisa i-akhawunti yesitoko. Ama-ETF e-Index azama ukulandelela i-benchmark index ethile.
Izinzuzo: ingathengiswa ngesikhathi sangempela, isobala, iguquguquka.
Okubi: kudinga i-akhawunti yezibambiso, kunezimali zokuthengiselana zomthengisi, futhi amanani angahluka kancane kune-NAV.
c. Ukudala iphothifoliyo "yokulingisa inkomba" ngesandla
Le ndlela ihilela ukuthenga amasheya amalungu e-index ngokwezilinganiso ezithile. Ngokwethiyori, ungaphinda i-index ngokuthenga zonke izakhi. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, lokhu kudinga imali enkulu, izindleko zokuthengiselana eziphakeme, kanye nokulinganisa kabusha okuyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba ukwakheka kwe-index kushintsha njalo.
Izinzuzo: ukulawula okugcwele futhi kunganciphisa izindleko zomkhiqizo.
Okubi: kuyinkimbinkimbi, kuyabiza, futhi kuthatha isikhathi.
Kwabaningi abatshalizimali abathengisayo, izimali zezinkomba noma ama-ETF ayindlela engokoqobo kakhulu.
4. Nquma inkomba ofuna ukuyilandela.
Ngaphambi kokuthenga umkhiqizo, nquma inkomba yokulinganisa ehambisana nemigomo yakho kanye nephrofayili yakho yengozi. Ezinye izinto okufanele uzicabangele:
– Izinkomba zemakethe ezibanzi (njenge-IHSG): zisakazeke kakhulu emikhakheni eyahlukene, kodwa zisathonywa amasheya amakhulu.
– Inkomba yesitoko se-Blue-chip (isb. i-LQ45 noma i-IDX30): igxile ezitokweni eziningi eziwuketshezi nezinkulu.
– Inkomba ye-Sectoral: ifanelekile uma unethemba emkhakheni othile, kodwa ingozi yokuhlushwa iphakeme.
– Izinkomba ezinamasu athile (isib. izici zokwabela imali noma ukuguquguquka okuphansi uma kutholakala): zingaba nokuzivikela kakhulu noma zibe nolaka kakhulu kuye ngendlela esetshenziswayo.
Uma usaqala, ama-broad indexes noma ama-blue-chip stock indexes avame ukuba yindawo enhle yokuqala ngoba izingxenye zawo zizinzile futhi zimanzi.
5. Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuqala ukutshala imali nge-index
Nazi ezinye izinyathelo ezilula ongazilandela:
1. Nquma imigomo nesikhathi
Ingabe kungenxa yesikhwama somhlalaphansi seminyaka eyi-10-20, iminyaka emi-5-10 yezindleko zemfundo, noma omunye umgomo? Kuma-stock index, isikhathi esifanele ngokuvamile siba side ukuze kuncishiswe kangcono ukuguquguquka kwemakethe.
2. Hlola iphrofayili yengozi
Uma uthambekele ekukhathazekeni lapho amanani okutshalwa kwezimali ehla, akufanele ugcine okuningi kakhulu kwiphothifoliyo yakho yenkomba yesitoko. Ungayihlanganisa nezinsimbi ezizinzile njengezibopho noma izinsimbi zemakethe yemali.
3. Khetha ithuluzi: isikhwama senkomba noma i-ETF
– Uma ufuna kube lula futhi ungenza amadiphozithi amancane ajwayelekile: izinkomba ze-mutual funds.
– Uma ufuna ukuguquguquka kokuthengiselana futhi usuvele une-akhawunti yesitoko: ETF.
4. Qhathanisa imikhiqizo
Qhathanisa okulandelayo:
– Kulandelwa inkomba yokulinganisa
- Iphutha lokulandelela (ukuthi imiphumela ihluka kangakanani ku-index)
- Imali (izindleko zesilinganiso/izimali zokuphatha, imali yokuthenga/yokuthengisa, imali yomthengisi wama-ETF)
– Usayizi wezimali eziphethwe kanye nokwabiwa kwemali (ama-ETF kuphela, naka ivolumu yokuthengiselana)
5. Qala ngokutshala imali ngezikhathi ezithile (i-DCA)
Isilinganiso Sezindleko Zamadola (i-DCA) sihilela ukuthenga njalo (isibonelo, njalo ngenyanga) ngenani elinqunyiwe. Leli cebo lisiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokuthenga ngamanani aphezulu futhi lakha imikhuba ehlelekile.
6. Yenza ukuhlolwa okwenziwa njalo, hhayi okwenziwa nsuku zonke.
Hlola ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakho kusahambisana yini nemigomo yakho kanye nokwabiwa kwezimpahla. Kuma-stock index, ukuhlolwa kwekota noma konyaka kuvame ukwanele.
6. Amasu abalulekile ekutshalweni kwezimali ngezinkomba
a. Gxila ekwabiweni kwempahla
Isihluthulelo sempumelelo yokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside ngokuvamile akusikho ukukhetha umkhiqizo "ongcono kakhulu", kodwa kunalokho ukunquma ukwabiwa kwempahla okufanele (amasheya, amabhondi, imali). Isibonelo esilula: umtshali-zimali osemusha onesikhathi eside angakhetha ingxenye enkulu yezimali ze-stock index, kuyilapho umtshali-zimali ohlangabezana nezidingo zakhe zokuxhaswa ngezimali angase anciphise isabelo sakhe.
b. Ukulinganisa kabusha
Uma ingxenye yenkomba yesitoko sakho ikhula kakhulu ngenxa yokwehla kwemakethe, kungadingeka ukuthi ulinganisele kabusha—ubuyisele ingxenye kuhloso yayo yokuqala. Lokhu kusiza ukulawula ubungozi nokugcina ukuhambisana kwesu.
c. Phatha okulindelwe
Izinkomba zesitoko zingase zehle kakhulu esikhathini esifushane ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele noma imizwa engemihle. Abatshalizimali abaphumelelayo bezinkomba bavame ukunamathela ezimisweni ezilandelayo: namathela ohlelweni lwakho lokutshala imali, gwema ukuguquguquka kwemizwelo, futhi ugxile emigomweni yesikhathi eside.
7. Izingozi okudingeka ziqondwe
Nakuba ukuhlukahluka kusiza, ukutshala imali kwi-stock index kusalokhu kunezingozi:
– Ingozi yemakethe: lapho imakethe yehla, inkomba nayo yehla.
– Ingozi yokulandelela: imikhiqizo yenkomba ingase ingafani ncamashi nenkomba yayo yokulinganisa ngenxa yezindleko nezindlela zokuphindaphinda.
– Ingozi yoketshezi (ETF): uma i-ETF ingathengiswanga kahle, ukusabalala kokucelwa kwebhidi kunganda.
– Ingozi yokuziphatha: ukwesaba lapho imakethe yehla noma ukuba nobugovu lapho imakethe ikhuphuka kungalimaza imiphumela yesikhathi eside.
Ukuqonda izingozi kusukela ekuqaleni kukusiza ukuthi uhlale uzolile futhi ungaguquguquki.
8. Isiphetho
Ukutshala imali kuma-stock index empeleni kuyindlela "yokulandela imakethe" edinga izindleko ezincane nomzamo omncane kunokukhetha amasheya ngamanye. Ungakwenza lokhu nge-index mutual funds noma ama-ETF, ukhetha i-index efanele, bese utshala imali njalo nangendlela yokuziphatha. Qiniseka ukuthi uyaqonda imigomo yakho yezezimali, iphrofayili yengozi, kanye nezindleko zomkhiqizo ngaphambi kokuqala.
Uma uqhubeka njalo, ukutshala imali kwi-index kungakha isisekelo sephothifoliyo eqinile yesikhathi eside. Nakuba ukuguquguquka kungenakugwenywa, isu elilula, elilinganisiwe, nelihlelekile livame ukuba yisihluthulelo sokufeza imigomo yakho yezezimali.
