Indlela Yokutshala Imali Ezimalini Zomhlalaphansi
Ukuhlela umhlalaphansi akuseyona inketho, kodwa kuyinto edingekayo. Izindleko zokuphila ziyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, isikhathi sokuphila siyanda, futhi izindlela zokuphila ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi zivame ukudinga uxhaso oluzinzile. Yilapho izikhwama zempesheni ziba khona ithuluzi elibalulekile: zikusiza ukuthi wakhe ukonga isikhathi eside ngendlela ehlelekile, ehlelekile, nephephile ukuze unikeze imali engenayo uma ungasasebenzi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngendlela yokutshala imali ezikhwameni zempesheni, kusukela ekuqondeni izinhlobo, ukuqala, amasu, namaphutha okufanele uwagweme.
1. Qonda ukuthi siyini isikhwama sempesheni
Isikhwama sempesheni uhlelo olwenzelwe ukuqoqa iminikelo phakathi neminyaka yokukhiqiza yomhlanganyeli bese lunikeza izinzuzo lapho efika eminyakeni yokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Le minikelo iphathwa futhi itshalwe imali ukuze ikhule ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. E-Indonesia, izikhwama zempesheni zingaphathwa yizikhungo ezikhethekile njenge-Employer Pension Funds (DPPK) noma i-Financial Institution Pension Funds (DPLK). Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu okubili usekuphatheni nasekusebenzeni kokubamba iqhaza.
Empeleni, ukutshala imali esikhwameni somhlalaphansi kusebenzisa amandla amabili abalulekile: isikhathi (sesikhathi eside) kanye nenzalo ehlanganisiwe. Uma uqala kusenesikhathi, kulapho amathuba okuba izimali zakho zikhule khona maningi, njengoba imbuyiselo yokutshalwa kwezimali izobuyela emuva ibe imbuyiselo eyengeziwe.
2. Qonda izinhlobo zezikhwama zempesheni: i-DPPK kanye ne-DPLK
a) Isikhwama Sempesheni Yabaqashi (i-DPPK)
Uhlelo lwempesheni (i-DPPK) lunikezwa yizinkampani zabasebenzi bazo. Ngokuvamile, inkampani kanye nesisebenzi bayanikela, futhi izinzuzo zempesheni zikhokhwa ngokwemigomo yohlelo. Uma usebenzela inkampani enikeza i-DPPK, leli yithuba elihle, njengoba iminikelo yabaqashi isheshisa ukwakheka kwesikhwama sempesheni.
b) Isikhwama Sempesheni Sezikhungo Zezezimali (i-DPLK)
I-DPLK (Uhlelo Lomhlalaphansi) iphathwa amabhange noma izinkampani zomshuwalense wokuphila. I-DPLK iguquguquka kakhudlwana, inikeza ubulungu kubasebenzi, abantu abazisebenzayo, kanye nosomabhizinisi. Ukhokha iminikelo ngezikhathi ezithile noma ngesamba esisodwa, bese ukhetha iphakheji yokutshalwa kwezimali elungiselelwe iphrofayili yakho yengozi. I-DPLK ivame ukuba inketho kulabo abangatholi impesheni kubaqashi babo noma abafuna ukwengeza esikhwameni sabo somhlalaphansi.
3. Nquma imigomo yomhlalaphansi kanye nezidingo zokuxhaswa ngezimali
Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukutshala imali, chaza ngokucacile imigomo yakho yomhlalaphansi. Eminye imibuzo engasiza:
– Uneminyaka emingaki ofuna ukuthatha umhlalaphansi?
– Zizoba malini izindleko zakho zokuphila zenyanga zonke uma usuthathe umhlalaphansi (inani lanamuhla)?
– Uyafuna ukuqhubeka ubeka eceleni imali yezempilo, yokuhamba, noma yokusiza umndeni wakho?
– Unayo yini eminye impahla efana nendlu yokuqasha noma ibhizinisi elinenzuzo?
Kalula nje, uma ufuna ukusebenzisa ama-Rp ayizigidi ezingu-8 ngenyanga emhlalaphansi (inani lanamuhla), udinga ukucabanga ngokukhuphuka kwentengo. Uma ukukhuphuka kwentengo kungama-4% ngonyaka, lelo nani lingaba phezulu kakhulu eminyakeni engama-20. Ngakho-ke, ukubeka umgomo esikhathini esizayo nokuhlola izimo kuzokusiza ukuthi uhlole umnikelo ongokoqobo.
4. Qaphela amaphrofayili engozi bese ukhetha amasu okutshala imali
Izimali zempesheni azigcini nje ngokulondoloza imali, ziwukutshalwa kwezimali. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuhlela isu lakho ngokuvumelana nephrofayili yakho yengozi kanye nesikhathi osichithayo.
– Okulondolozayo: Gxila ezintweni ezinobungozi obuphansi njengediphozithi noma amabhondi asezingeni eliphezulu. Kufanelekela labo abasondela ekuthatheni umhlalaphansi.
– Okumaphakathi: inhlanganisela yamabhondi namasheya ukuze kube nebhalansi.
– Ulaka: ingxenye enkulu yamasheya okufuna ukukhula, afanele labo abasebasha futhi abanolwazi olude.
Ngokuvamile, uma uqhubeka nomhlalaphansi, kulapho unesikhala esiningi sengozi ebalwe. Uma usondela ekuthatheni umhlalaphansi, kulapho kufanele ucabangele kangcono ukunciphisa ingozi yakho ukuze ulondoloze inani lemali yakho eqoqwe.
5. Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuqala ukutshala imali ezikhwameni zempesheni
Isinyathelo 1: Hlola izikhungo zomhlalaphansi ehhovisi
Uma inkampani yakho inohlelo lwe-DPPK, funda ngemigomo nemibandela yayo: inani leminikelo, izingxenye zeminikelo yenkampani, izinketho zezinzuzo, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuyeka umsebenzi. Unganqikazi ukubuza i-HR noma umnyango wezezimali.
Isinyathelo 2: Khetha i-DPLK uma udinga izimali ezengeziwe zomhlalaphansi
Uma ungenayo i-DPPK (i-Akhawunti Yokonga Izikweletu) noma ufuna ukwandisa imali yakho yokonga umhlalaphansi, ungavula i-DPLK (i-Akhawunti Yokonga Izikweletu). Qhathanisa abahlinzeki abaningana ngokusekelwe edumeleni labo, izimali zokuphatha, izinketho zephakheji yokutshalwa kwezimali, ukulula kokufaka imali, kanye nensizakalo yamakhasimende.
Isinyathelo 3: Nquma inani leminikelo ejwayelekile
Isihluthulelo sesikhwama somhlalaphansi esiphumelelayo ukungaguquguquki. Thola inani elikhululekile kodwa elinzima ngokwanele. Abahleli bezezimali abaningi batusa ububanzi obungu-10–15% wemali engenayo yemigomo yesikhathi eside (kufaka phakathi umhlalaphansi), kodwa ungakulungisa lokhu ngokusekelwe ekukhokhweni kwakho kwendlu, abantu abaxhomeke kuwe, kanye nemigomo.
Isinyathelo 4: Yenza amadiphozithi abe ngokuzenzakalelayo
Setha i-auto-debit kusuka ku-akhawunti yakho ukuze ungakhohlwa futhi ungalingeki ukusebenzisa imali ezimpahleni zabathengi. Isiyalo siyinzuzo enkulu ekutshalweni kwezimali kwesikhathi eside.
Isinyathelo 5: Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile
Okungenani kanye ngonyaka, hlola: ukuthi iminikelo idinga ukukhushulwa ngenxa yokwenyuka kwamaholo, ukuthi ngabe ukwabiwa kwezimali kufaneleka yini ngokweminyaka kanye nengozi, nokuthi imigomo isasebenza yini.
6. Qonda izimali ezibalulekile kanye nemithetho
Uma utshala imali ezikhwameni zempesheni, qonda lezi zici ezilandelayo:
– Izimali zokuphatha nezokuphatha utshalomali: Zonke izinhlelo ze-DPLK noma zesikhwama sempesheni zinesakhiwo sezimali. Izimali eziphakeme kakhulu zingalimaza imbuyiselo yesikhathi eside.
– Imikhawulo yokuhoxa: Izikhwama zempesheni ngokuvamile zinemikhawulo yokuhoxa ngaphambi kweminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Lokhu kuyazuzisa ngoba kusiza ekugcineni ukuziphatha kahle, kodwa udinga ukukuqonda.
– Intela nemithethonqubo: Izici zentela zingahluka kuye ngomkhiqizo kanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo. Qiniseka ukuthi ufunda imigomo nemibandela esemthethweni evela kumhleli kanye nomlawuli.
Uma kunemigomo ongayiqondi—njenge-Net Asset Value (NAV), isivuno, noma ukwakheka kwephothifoliyo—cela incazelo ebhaliwe ukuze ikusize wenze isinqumo esinolwazi oluthe xaxa.
7. Amasu okwandisa imbuyiselo yesikhwama sempesheni
Amanye amasu angasiza izikhwama zempesheni zikhule kahle kakhulu:
1. Qala kusenesikhathi ngangokunokwenzeka: isikhathi yisona sici esinamandla kakhulu ekutshaleni imali.
2. Khulisa iminikelo uma imali engenayo ikhuphuka: isibonelo, ngokukhushulwa komholo ngakunye, khuphula iminikelo yempesheni ngo-1–3%.
3. Ukwehlukahluka: ungafaki yonke imali yakho ohlotsheni olulodwa lwempahla.
4. Ukulinganisa kabusha: lungisa ukwabiwa kwempahla ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kungabi yingozi kakhulu noma kungabi yingozi kakhulu.
5. Gcina isikhwama esiphuthumayo esihlukile: ukuze "ungaphazamisi" isikhwama sakho somhlalaphansi uma kunesidingo esiphuthumayo.
8. Amaphutha avamile okufanele uwagweme
Abantu abaningi banenhloso, kodwa imiphumela ayimihle kangako ngenxa yamaphutha alandelayo:
– Ukulibala isikhathi eside kakhulu: ukulinda “uze ube nomholo omkhulu” kukwenza ulahlekelwe isikhathi esinzima.
– Ungabi nomgomo ocacile: ngaphandle komgomo, kunzima ngawe ukunquma iminikelo eyanele.
– Ukushintsha amasu kaningi ngenxa yokwesaba: ukushintshashintsha kwesikhathi esifushane kuyinto evamile, gxila emigomweni yesikhathi eside.
– Ukungazinaki izindleko: izindleko ezincane kodwa ezijwayelekile zingaba nomthelela omkhulu eminyakeni eyi-10-30.
– Akuhlolisi: izimo zokuphila ziyashintsha, amasu okuthatha umhlalaphansi nawo adinga ukulungiswa.
I-Penutup
Ukutshala imali esikhwameni sempesheni kuyisinyathelo esihlakaniphile sokugcina impilo yakho isezingeni eliphezulu lapho usukhulile. Qala ngokuqonda izinhlobo zezikhwama zempesheni (i-DPPK ne-DPLK), nquma izidingo zakho eziqondiwe, uhlele isu lakho lihambisane nephrofayili yakho yengozi, bese wenza amadiphozithi ajwayelekile, ahlelekile. Ngokuhlela okufanele kanye nokungaguquguquki, isikhwama sempesheni singaba yisisekelo sezimali esiqinile—sikusiza ukuthi uthathe umhlalaphansi ngokuthula kwengqondo okukhulu kanye nokuzimela.
Uma ungathanda, ngingakusiza futhi ukuthi udale ukulingisa okulula (ngokusekelwe eminyakeni yakho, imali engenayo, umgomo wokuthatha umhlalaphansi, kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali okulinganiselwe) ukuze ngikunike umbono wenani elifanele lomnikelo.
