Ezezimali ZamaSulumane kanye Nezinsimbi Ezihlobene Nazo: Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okusekelwe Ezimisweni ZamaSulumane
I-Pendahuluan
Izimali zamaSulumane sezibe yindaba eshisayo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Lolu hlelo lunikeza indlela ehlukile yokuphathwa kwezezimali uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezivamile, ikakhulukazi ngoba lunamathela ezimisweni ze-sharia zamaSulumane. Izimali zamaSulumane azikhangi nje kuphela amaSulumane kodwa futhi zidonsela ukunaka komhlaba wonke ngenxa yokuzinza nokulunga kwazo. Lesi sihloko sizogxila kakhulu ezimalini zamaSulumane kanye nezinsimbi ezahlukene zezimali ezihlobene nazo.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zezezimali ZamaSulumane
Izimali zamaSulumane zisekelwe ezimisweni ezisungulwe ku-Sharia, umthetho wamaSulumane osuselwa ku-Quran kanye ne-Hadith. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zezimali zamaSulumane zifaka:
1. Ukuvinjelwa Kwenzalo (Inzalo): Inzalo noma inzalo yimali engenayo etholwa ngaphandle komzamo noma ingozi. Kwezezimali zamaSulumane, noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana okubandakanya inzalo akuvunyelwe.
2. Ukuvinjelwa kwe-Gharar (Ukungaqiniseki): Ukuthengiselana okuqukethe izinto zokungaqiniseki noma ukuqagela akuvunyelwe. Zonke izinkontileka kumele zibe sobala futhi zingabi namanga noma ukungaqondakali okungalimaza noma yiliphi iqembu.
3. Ukuvinjelwa kwe-Maisir (Ukugembula): Imisebenzi eqagelayo futhi efana nokugembula nayo ayivunyelwe kwezezimali zamaSulumane.
4. Ukuthengiselana Nge-Halal: Zonke izimali kanye nokuthengiselana kumele kube ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuvunyelwe yi-Sharia, futhi akumele kuhlobane nemisebenzi ye-haram njengokugembula, utshwala, noma imikhiqizo yengulube.
5. Ubulungiswa Nokulingana: Isimiso sobulungiswa ekuthengiselaneni kumele silandelwe. Akukho muntu ongancishwa amathuba noma aphathwe kabi kunoma yikuphi ukuthengiselana.
6. Ukubambisana: Izimiso ze-Sharia zikhuthaza izinhlobo zokubambisana ezisekelwe ekwabelaneni ngezingozi ezifanele kanye nokubambisana emkhakheni webhizinisi noma wokutshalwa kwezimali.
Amathuluzi Ezezimali AmaSulumane
Kuye kwasungulwa amathuluzi ezezimali amaningana ahambisana nemikhuba yezezimali yamaSulumane. Nazi ezinye zazo:
1. I-Murabahah
I-Murabahah iyindlela yokuthenga nokuthengisa lapho ibhange noma isikhungo sezezimali sithenga khona izimpahla egameni lekhasimende bese sizithengisela ikhasimende ngenzuzo evunyelwene ngayo. Le nzuzo ekhokhelwa ibhange ngemizamo yalo yokuthenga nokunikeza izimpahla. Lokhu kuthengiselana kusobala ngoba ikhasimende liyazi intengo yokuthenga izimpahla kanye nenzuzo ekhokhiswa yibhange.
2. I-Mudharabah
I-Mudharabah iwubambiswano phakathi kwamaqembu amabili lapho iqembu elilodwa (umnikazi wenhlokodolobha) linikeza u-100% wenhlokodolobha, kuyilapho elinye iqembu (u-mudharib noma umphathi) linikeza ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuphatha. Inzuzo evela ebhizinisini yabelwana ngokwesivumelwano esivunyelwene ngaso kusengaphambili, kuyilapho ukulahlekelwa kuthwalwa kuphela ngumnikazi wenhlokodolobha.
3. I-Musharakah
I-Musharakah uhlobo lobambiswano lwebhizinisi phakathi kwamaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu, lapho wonke amaqembu enikeza khona imali kanye nenzuzo kanye nokulahlekelwa kwesabelo ngokulingana nemali abayitshalile. Lo mqondo ukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe ekuphatheni ibhizinisi.
4. Ijarah
I-Ijarah uhlobo lwesivumelwano sokuqashisa lapho iqembu elilodwa (umqashi) lithola ilungelo lokusebenzisa impahla ephethwe elinye iqembu (umqashi) futhi libophekile ukukhokha irenti kuleyo mpahla. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-ijarah: i-ijarah muntahia bittamleek, lapho impahla eqashiwe ingathengwa khona kamuva ngumqashi, kanye ne-ijarah ngaphandle kwenketho yobunikazi ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuqashisa.
5. I-Sukuk
Ama-Sukuk avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amabhondi amaSulumane, kodwa awawona amathuluzi esikweletu. Ama-Sukuk ayizitifiketi zokubamba iqhaza noma ubunikazi empahleni eyisisekelo, enikeza umnikazi we-sukuk isabelo kuleyo mpahla. Imali engenayo etholakala empahleni ihlukaniswa kubanikazi be-sukuk njengembuyiselo ekutshalweni kwabo imali.
6. I-Wakalah
I-Wakalah isho ummeleli noma i-ejenti. Ngokwezimali zamaSulumane, ingasho umuntu noma inhlangano eqoka i-ejenti ukuthi yenze imisebenzi ethile egameni layo, njengokwenza uphenyo noma ukuphatha izimali. I-ejenti isebenza ngendlela ethembekile futhi inesibopho sokufeza izintshisekelo zenhloko, ngokusekelwe esivumelwaneni sokuqala.
Izicelo kanye Nezinselele Zezezimali ZamaSulumane
Izimali zamaSulumane azigcini nje ngokusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi amaSulumane kodwa futhi zingene naseNtshonalanga, lapho imikhiqizo yezezimali yamaSulumane iqala ukwamukelwa amabhange amakhulu kanye nezikhungo zezimali ezingezona ezamaSulumane. Inani eliphelele lempahla yezezimali yamaSulumane lilinganiselwa ukuthi lifinyelela ezigidigidini zamaRandi, okubonisa ubukhulu kanye nokubaluleka kwalo mkhakha emnothweni womhlaba.
Isicelo
– Ibhange LamaSulumane: Amabhange amaSulumane asebenza ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezishiwo ngenhla futhi anikeza imikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene yezezimali njengokonga, ukuxhasa ngezimali, amakhadi okudonswa kwemali amaSulumane, nokunye okuhambisana nomthetho wamaSulumane.
– Umshwalense noma iTakaful: Umshwalense we-Sharia (takaful) usebenza ngezimiso zokubambisana kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo owabiwe. Iminikelo yabahlanganyeli isetshenziselwa ukusiza abanye abahlanganyeli ababhekene nokulahlekelwa noma izinhlekelele, ngokuhambisana nezinqubo ezihambisana ne-sharia.
– I-Sharia Investments: Kunemikhiqizo eyahlukene yokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-Sharia, njenge-Sharia mutual funds, amasheya e-Sharia, kanye ne-sukuk (amabhondi e-Sharia) esetshenziswa kakhulu. Yonke le mikhiqizo ihambisana nezimiso nemithethonqubo ye-Sharia.
Inselele
Naphezu kokukhula kwayo okusheshayo nokwamukelwa kwayo ngentshiseko, ezezimali zamaSulumane nazo zibhekene nezinselele ezahlukahlukene:
– Ukwenziwa Kwemigomo: Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso ezifanayo zomhlaba wonke kwezezimali zamaSulumane. Amazwe ahlukene angase abe nokuhumusha okuhlukahlukene kwezimiso zeSharia.
– Ukwamukelwa Komphakathi: Izimali zamaSulumane zidinga imfundo ebanzi kanye nokufinyelela umphakathi ukuze kukhuthazwe abantu abaningi kanye nezinkampani ukuthi baqonde futhi bamukele izimiso zayo. Kusenemibono eminingi engaqondile emphakathini jikelele yokuthi uhlelo lwamaSulumane luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunesimiso esivamile.
– Ingqalasizinda Yezomthetho Neyokulawula: Kwezinye izifunda, ukuntuleka kwemithethonqubo esekelayo kanye nengqalasizinda eqinile yezomthetho kusalokhu kuyisithiyo esikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yezezimali yamaSulumane.
– Izinsizakusebenza Zabasebenzi Nobuchwepheshe: Isidingo sabasebenzi abaqeqeshwe futhi abanamakhono kwezezimali zamaSulumane siseyinselele. Le ndlela idinga ukuqonda okujulile kokubili izimiso zezimali ezivamile nezamaSulumane.
Isiphetho
Izimali zamaSulumane zinikeza indlela yokuziphatha neqhubekayo yokuphatha ezezimali. Ngokunamathela ezimisweni ze-sharia ezivimbela i-riba (inzalo), i-gharar (i-gharar), kanye ne-maisir (ukugembula), kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthengiselana okulungile nokusobala, izimali zamaSulumane azifaneleki kuphela kumaSulumane kodwa futhi zinikeza izinzuzo ezibanzi emphakathini womhlaba wonke. Izinsimbi ezahlukahlukene, njenge-murabahah (izinsimbi zezimali), i-mudharabah (izinsimbi zezimali), i-musharakah (izinsimbi zezimali), i-ijarah (izinsimbi zezimali), i-sukuk (izibopho zempahla), kanye ne-wakalah (izibopho zempahla), zinikeza izinketho ezahlukahlukene zokuphathwa kwezezimali okunesimilo nokulungile. Naphezu kwezinselele, amathemba esikhathi esizayo ezimali zamaSulumane abonakala ekhanya uma ehambisana nomzamo oqinile wokunqoba izithiyo ezikhona nokufundisa umphakathi.
