Umlando Omude weSamurai kanye neKhodi yeBushido
Isithombe esiyimfihlakalo se-samurai, sigqoke izembatho zempi ezikhazimulayo, siphethe i-katana ebukhali njengensingo, futhi sihamba ngomusa ongenakuqhathaniswa, sibambe imicabango amakhulu eminyaka. Lawa maqhawe adumile ayengaphezu nje kwamasosha; ayenesimo sengqondo esijulile samasiko, esixhumene kakhulu nekhodi kaBushido. Umlando we-samurai nezimiso zawo, ezigxile ekuhlonipheni, ekuthembekeni nasekuzithibeni, kuwubufakazi besiko elicebile neliyinkimbinkimbi eliye labumba iJapane futhi liyaqhubeka nokuphefumulela isithakazelo emhlabeni jikelele.
Imvelaphi YamaSamurai
Ukuqala kwama-samurai kungalandelelwa emuva esikhathini sikaHeian (794-1185), isikhathi esibonakala ngesakhiwo sezombusazwe esihlukaniswe ngokwezigaba kanye nezingxabano ezivamile phakathi kwemindeni yezifundazwe. Njengoba amandla kahulumeni ophakathi ayefuna, izikhulu zempi zesifunda, noma ama-daimyo, zaqala ukuqinisa ukubusa kwazo, ziqoqa amaqembu amaqhawe anekhono ukuze zivikele izintshisekelo zazo nezindawo zazo.
Laba balwi bokuqala babengabandulela ama-samurai. Bathuthukisa ikhono labo lokulwa ngokuqeqeshwa okuqinile futhi banamathela kumthetho wokuziphatha owawugcizelela ukwethembeka emakhosini abo. Impi kaGempei (1180-1185), ingxabano ebhubhisayo phakathi kwamaqembu amaTaira namaMinamoto, yaqinisa indima yama-samurai emphakathini waseJapan. Ukunqoba kweqembu lamaMinamoto kwaholela ku-shogunate kaKamakura (1185-1333), okuqinisa isikhundla sama-samurai njengeqembu lezempi elibusayo.
Ukuvuka kwamaSamurai: Izikhathi zaseKamakura naseMuromachi
Isikhathi saseKamakura saphawula ukusungulwa okusemthethweni kukahulumeni oholwa yi-samurai one-shogun eholayo. Lesi sikhathi sabona ukuhlelwa kokuziphatha kwe-samurai kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohlaka oluvelayo lokuziphatha olwaluzoguquka lube yi-Bushido—indlela yeqhawe. Ukwethembeka kwe-samurai manje kwase kuboshwe ngokungenakuguqulwa enkosini yabo, noma i-daimyo, futhi izimpilo zabo zazilawulwa yizimiso zomsebenzi, udumo, kanye nekhono lokulwa.
Isikhathi samaMuromachi (1336-1573) sabona ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kwesiko lamaSamurai. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iJapane yabhekana nokuhlukana okukhulu kwezepolitiki, okwaholela ezimpini ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwezizwe eziphikisanayo. Lesi sikhathi sokuxabana, esaziwa ngokuthi isikhathi samaSengoku (Amazwe Alwayo), sadinga ukulungiswa kwamakhono empi namacebo amaSamurai. Abantu abadumile njengo-Oda Nobunaga, uToyotomi Hideyoshi, noTokugawa Ieyasu bavelela, imikhankaso yabo kanye nokunqoba kwabo kwabonisa ikhono lempi lamaSamurai kanye nobuhlakani bamasu.
I-Tokugawa Shogunate kanye ne-Codification kaBushido
Isikhathi sase-Edo (1603-1868), esichazwa ukuthula nokuzinza okwalethwa ukuhlanganiswa kweJapan nguTokugawa Ieyasu, sabona ushintsho olukhulu endimeni yama-samurai. Njengoba kungekho mpi, ama-samurai azivumelanisa nezindima ezintsha njengababusi, abaphathi, kanye nezazi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ikhodi yeBushido yachazwa futhi yenziwa yaba semthethweni, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwama-samurai kwakubonisa izindinganiso ezingaphelelwa yisikhathi zokwethembeka, udumo, kanye nomsebenzi.
I-Bushido, ehunyushwa ngokuthi 'indlela yeqhawe,' ivame ukufingqwa ngezimfanelo zayo eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko: uGi (ubuqotho), uYu (isibindi), uJin (ububele), uRei (inhlonipho), uMakoto (ukwethembeka), uMeiyo (udumo), kanye noChugi (ukwethembeka). Lezi zimiso azizange zilawule nje izenzo zama-samurai empini kodwa futhi nokuphila kwawo kwansuku zonke. Le khodi igcizelela ubuqotho bokuziphatha, ukuzithiba kwengqondo, kanye nomuzwa ongaguquki wesibopho kumphathi wakho kanye nomphakathi.
Ukuzinikela kwe-samurai ku-Bushido kuboniswe enkambisweni ye-seppuku, noma ukuzibulala okungokwesiko. I-Seppuku yayenzelwa ukubuyisela udumo lapho ibhekene nokuhlazeka noma ukwehluleka futhi yabonisa ukuzimisela kwe-samurai ukugcina amazinga aphezulu obuqotho nomsebenzi, ngisho noma kungalahlekelwa ukuphila kwayo.
AmaSamurai Ekusebenzeni: Amasiko Nendlela Yokuphila
Ngale kwempi, ama-samurai amukela imikhuba ehlukahlukene yamasiko eyayibonisa ukunambitheka kwawo okucwengekile kanye nokunamathela kwawo ku-Bushido. Ayengabaxhasi bobuciko—ehlanganyela ezinkondlweni, emikhosini yetiye, ekubhaleni amagama, kanye naseshashalazini laseNoh. Ukugcizelela ekuzithibeni nasekuzithibeni kwafinyelela ezimpilweni zawo, njengoba kuboniswe emasikweni acophelelayo ayewalandela nsuku zonke. Umkhosi wetiye, noma i-chanoyu, wawungewona nje umdlalo wamasiko kodwa wawuyisiko elalihlakulela ukucabanga, ukunemba, nokuthula kwangaphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-samurai ayeyizazi ezishisekayo zobuBuddha be-Zen, ezathonya kakhulu indlela yawo yokulwa nokuphila. Izimfundiso ze-Zen zigcizelela ukuqaphela, ukuzinza, kanye nokungapheli kokuphila, okuhambisana kahle nezimiso ze-samurai. Imikhuba yokuzindla kanye nokuqonda kwefilosofi okwatholwa kubuBuddha be-Zen kwanikeza ama-samurai amandla engqondo ahambisana nokuqeqeshwa kwawo ngokomzimba.
Ukuqedwa kanye Nefa LamaSamurai
Ukubuyiselwa kweMeiji ngo-1868 kwaphawula ukuphela kwenkathi yama-samurai, njengoba iJapane yathuthukiswa ngokushesha futhi yathuthukiswa eNtshonalanga. Uhulumeni omusha waqeda uhlelo lwama-feudal futhi waqeda isigaba sama-samurai, wahlanganisa imikhuba yezempi yaseNtshonalanga kanye nemiyalelo.
Naphezu kokuqedwa kwesigaba sabo, ifa lama-samurai laqhubeka. Izimiso zeBushido zaqhubeka nokuthonya umphakathi waseJapan futhi zaze zamukelwa ngezindlela ezahlukene yibutho laseJapan lanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zodumo, ukwethembeka, kanye nokuzithiba ezikhuthazwa ama-samurai zathola ukufana emasikweni nasemfundweni yezinkampani zaseJapan.
Ithonya Lomhlaba Wonke LamaSamurai NamaBushido
Namuhla, ama-samurai kanye nemithetho yawo yokuziphatha kusalokhu kuyizimpawu ezinamandla zesiko laseJapan, ezibonakala kakhulu ezincwadini, kuma-cinema, nakuma-media athandwayo. Imisebenzi yababhali abanjengoYukio Mishima ihlole ukubaluleka kokuba khona kanye namasiko kwekhodi kaBushido, kuyilapho amafilimu anjenge-“Seven Samurai” ka-Akira Kurosawa ethule isimilo esihle samaqhawe ezilalelini zomhlaba wonke.
Indlela ehlelekile ye-samurai, ubuchwepheshe bezempi, kanye nokujula kwefilosofi kuyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza nokuheha. Ochwepheshe bezobuciko bempi banamuhla, ochwepheshe bezempi, kanye nochwepheshe bobuholi bavame ukusebenzisa izifundo ezingaphelelwa yisikhathi zikaBushido ukuze babhekane nezinselele zanamuhla. Ifa elihlala njalo le-samurai lisebenza njengesikhumbuzo somthelela omkhulu ukuzibophezela ezimisweni zokuziphatha, udumo, kanye nesiyalo esingaba nawo kubantu ngabanye kanye nasemiphakathini ngokufanayo.
Isiphetho
Umlando wama-samurai kanye nekhodi kaBushido uyindaba ejulile yobuqhawe bempi, ukujula kwefilosofi, kanye nokuzinikela okungapheli ezimisweni zokuziphatha. Kusukela emvelaphi yabo esikhathini sikaHeian kuya ekubhujisweni kwabo ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa kweMeiji, ama-samurai ayenokuhlanganiswa okuyingqayizivele kwekhono lempi kanye nobuqotho bokuziphatha, obuswa yizimfanelo ezingapheli zikaBushido. Ifa labo elihlala njalo, eligxile kakhulu emasikweni aseJapan futhi lizwakala emhlabeni wonke, liyaqhubeka nokuphefumulela futhi linikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngesimo sodumo, umsebenzi, kanye nomoya womuntu.
