Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lwezemfundo Emhlabeni Wonke
Imfundo ibilokhu iyisici esibalulekile sempucuko yabantu iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, isebenza njengesisekelo lapho kwakhiwe khona amasiko, ulwazi, kanye nezomnotho. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zemfundo emhlabeni wonke kuyindwangu ecebile exhumene phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka namazwekazi. Kusukela ezindleleni zokufunda ezingakahleleki kuya ekusungulweni kwemfundo ehlelekile, uhambo lwemfundo luhlanganiswe ngokujulile nokuguqulwa kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki kanye nezomnotho kwemiphakathi. Lesi sihloko sigxila ekuthuthukisweni komlando kwezinhlelo zemfundo emhlabeni wonke, sihlola izigaba ezibalulekile kanye nokuvela kwemikhuba yokufundisa.
Imikhuba Yemfundo Yasendulo
Ezikhathini zasendulo, imfundo yayivame ukungahlelekile, idluliselwa emndenini nasemphakathini. Emiphakathini yasendulo, ukudluliselwa kolwazi kwakukhulunywa kakhulu ngomlomo, kugxilwe emakhonweni okusinda, ezinkolelweni zamasiko, kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi. Njengoba imiphakathi ithuthuka, izinhlobo zemfundo ezihlelekile zaqala ukuvela.
EMesopotamiya yasendulo, enye yezinhlelo zemfundo ezisemthethweni zokuqala ezaziwayo yavela cishe ngenkulungwane yesi-3 BCE. Izikole zasethempelini, ezaziwa ngokuthi 'ama-edubbas,' zazifundisa ikilasi labaphezulu ngokubhala, izibalo, kanye nemibhalo yenkolo. Ngokufanayo, eGibhithe lasendulo, imfundo yayigcinelwe amadodana abaphezulu, afundiswa abapristi ezikoleni zasethempelini. Izifundo zazihlanganisa ukufunda, ukubhala, izibalo, kanye nezimfundiso zokuziphatha, ezibhalwe kakhulu nge-hieroglyphics kanye nemibhalo ye-hieratic.
I-India yasendulo yabona ukwakheka kwesiko likaGuru-Shishya (umfundisi-umfundi), lapho ulwazi lwaludluliselwa khona ngomlomo. Uhlelo lweGurukula, njengoba luchazwe emibhalweni efana neVedas ne-Upanishads, lugxile endleleni ephelele yemfundo, ehlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa ngokomoya, ngokomzimba, nangokwengqondo.
EShayina, uConfucius (551-479 BCE) waba nomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lwezemfundo lwaseShayina. Egcizelela ubuqotho bokuziphatha, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, kanye nokuqina kwengqondo, ubuConfucian bakhuthaza ukubaluleka kwemfundo njengendlela yokufeza umphakathi ovumelanayo. Uhlelo Lokuhlola Lombuso, olwasungulwa ngesikhathi soBukhosi bukaSui (581-618 CE), lwaba negalelo elikhulu ekwenzeni imfundo ibe semthethweni futhi lwasebenza njengesibonelo sokuhlolwa kwenkonzo yomphakathi kwezinye izifunda eziningi.
Imfundo Yakudala
EGrisi lasendulo, imfundo yaqala ukuhleleka, ikakhulukazi e-Athens, lapho yayiyingxenye ebalulekile yezimiso zokuziphatha zentando yeningi. I-Academy edumile eyasungulwa nguPlato kanye neLyceum eyasungulwa ngu-Aristotle yachaza ifilosofi, isayensi, kanye nobuciko bokukhuluma, yabeka isisekelo sezindlela zemfundo zaseNtshonalanga. Imfundo yaseSpartan, ngokuphambene, yayigxile emakhono angokomzimba, ekuzithibeni, nasekuqeqeshweni kwezempi ngenxa yemvelo yempi yomphakathi.
IRoma yasendulo yamukela futhi yavumelanisa uhlelo lwemfundo lwamaGreki, yengeza ukuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi kanye namakhono okukhuluma ohlelweni lwayo lwezifundo. Imfundo yahlukaniswa ngezigaba, iqala nge-'ludus' yemfundo yamabanga aphansi futhi yathuthukela ezikoleni zokukhuluma zemfundo ephakeme, ezazinakekela amakilasi aphakeme ahlose imisebenzi yomphakathi.
Isikhathi Sesikhathi Sephakathi
Ngokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma, iYurophu yangena eNkathini Yobumnyama, okwaholela ekuphazamisekeni okukhulu kwemfundo ehlelekile. Kodwa-ke, iSonto ladlala indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ulwazi ngezikole zezindela nezikole zama-cathedral. Ukusungulwa kwamanyuvesi kusukela ngekhulu le-12 kuqhubeke kwaphawula ukuvuka kabusha kwemfundo ehlelekile. Amanyuvesi adumile asendulo njengeBologna, iParis, ne-Oxford anikeze izinhlelo eziphelele ezihlanganisa imfundiso yenkolo, umthetho, imithi kanye nobuciko.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, impucuko yamaSulumane yabhekana neNkathi Yegolide phakathi kwekhulu lesi-8 nele-14. Emadolobheni afana neBaghdad, iCórdoba, neCairo, izikhungo ezaziwa ngokuthi 'amadrasa' zaba yizikhungo zokufunda, zanikela kakhulu ezibalweni, kwisayensi, kwezokwelapha kanye nefilosofi. Izazi ezifana no-Al-Farabi, u-Avicenna (Ibn Sina), kanye no-Al-Ghazali zenze intuthuko enkulu eyathonya kokubili izwe lamaSulumane kanye neNtshonalanga Yurophu.
E-Asia, ubukhosi bukaTang noSong baseShayina baqhubeka nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezemfundo, bathuthukisa izincwadi zokuqala ezinyathelisiwe emhlabeni futhi bathuthukisa izinguquko zemfundo. Kwenye indawo, eJapane, isikhathi sikaHeian sabona ukwanda kwemfundo yasebukhosini, igxile ezincwadini, kwezobuciko, kanye namasiko asenkantolo.
I-Renaissance kanye Nokukhanya
Inkathi yoKuvuselelwa (ngekhulu le-14 kuya kwele-17) kanye nenkathi eyalandela yoKukhanyiselwa (ngekhulu le-17 kuya kwele-18) eYurophu yaphawulwa ukuvuselelwa kwemisebenzi yobuhlakani kanye nokusungulwa kobuntu. Ukusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa nguJohannes Gutenberg maphakathi nekhulu le-15 kwashintsha ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi, kwenza izincwadi zatholakala kalula futhi kwakhuthaza ukufunda nokubhala.
Ngesikhathi sokuKhanyiselwa, abacabangi abanjengoJohn Locke, uJean-Jacques Rousseau, no-Immanuel Kant bathonya amafilosofi ezemfundo ayegcizelela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, ukuqonda, kanye nobufakazi obubonakalayo. Imibono yabo yabeka isisekelo sezinguquko zemfundo zanamuhla, ikhuthaza imfundo yomhlaba wonke kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zesikole zomphakathi.
Ikhulu le-19 nelama-20: Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni Nokwanda Komhlaba Wonke
Inguquko Yezimboni ilethe izinguquko ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zemfundo. Isidingo sabasebenzi abanolwazi lokufunda nokubhala nabanamakhono saholela ekwandisweni kokufinyelela emfundweni. EYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, imithetho yemfundo ephoqelekile yaqaliswa, futhi kwasungulwa izinhlelo zezikole zomphakathi. Abafundisi abathuthukayo njengoHorace Mann e-United States basekela imfundo yamahhala, engasekelwe emaqenjini ahlukene exhaswa yizintela.
Ikhulu le-19 laphinde labona ukusabalala kwalezi zindlela zemfundo emhlabeni wonke, kokubili ngemisebenzi yokuzithandela kanye nokwanda kwamakoloni. Nokho, emakoloni, imfundo yayivame ukulingisa imigomo yabakoloni, ibeka phambili izinhloso zokuphatha kanye nezobuvangeli ngaphezu kwezidingo zendawo kanye nezimo.
Ikhulu lama-20 labona intuthuko eyengeziwe eya emfundweni yomhlaba wonke. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iZizwe Ezihlangene, nge-UNESCO, zachaza imfundo njengelungelo eliyisisekelo lomuntu. Iminyaka yawo-1960 nawo-1970 yabona ukwanda kwezinqubomgomo ezihlose ukunciphisa igebe lemfundo phakathi kwamazwe athuthukile nasathuthuka. Imibono efana nokufunda impilo yonke, imfundo ehlanganisa wonke umuntu, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe kwaqala ukuvelela.
Ikhulu lama-21: Ukuhwebelana Komhlaba kanye Nobuchwepheshe
Ekhulwini lama-21, ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kanye nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka nokubumba imikhuba yezemfundo. Ukufika kwe-inthanethi kanye nobuchwepheshe bedijithali kushintshe indlela ulwazi olufinyelelwa futhi olusatshalaliswa ngayo. Amapulatifomu okufunda aku-inthanethi, ama-MOOC (Izifundo Ezivulekile Eziku-inthanethi Ezinkulu), kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemfundo zenze imfundo yaguquguquka futhi ifinyeleleke kalula.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kugcizelelwa kakhulu imfundo ephelele, ukwazisa ukuhlakanipha ngokomzwelo, ubuhlakani, kanye namakhono okuxazulula izinkinga kanye nezifundo zendabuko zemfundo. Ukubambisana kwamanethiwekhi omhlaba wonke kanye nezindinganiso zemfundo zomhlaba wonke kubonisa umhlaba oxhumene, kugcizelela ukuqonda kwamasiko ahlukahlukene kanye nobuzwe bomhlaba wonke.
Isiphetho
Intuthuko yomlando yezinhlelo zemfundo emhlabeni wonke ibonisa ukufuna kwesintu ulwazi kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi. Kusukela emasikweni asendulo omlomo kuya emakilasini anamuhla edijithali, uhambo lwemfundo lugcizelela imizamo yethu ehlangene yokukhuthaza ukufunda, ukucabanga okujulile, kanye nokukhula komuntu siqu. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, inselele isekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela okulinganayo emfundweni esezingeni eliphezulu, ukuzivumelanisa nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhuthaza indawo ebandakanya wonke umuntu ehlonipha futhi igubha ukwehlukahlukana.
