Umlando Ophelele Wobukhosi Bama-Ottoman
Ubukhosi base-Ottoman, obaziwa nangokuthi yiNdlu ka-Osman, bungenye yezizukulwane eziphawulekayo nezihlala isikhathi eside emlandweni. Buqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, budlala indima ebalulekile emibusweni yezepolitiki, yamasiko kanye neyezomnotho eYurophu nase-Asia. Lesi sihloko sihlola umlando ophelele wobukhosi base-Ottoman, silandelela imvelaphi yabo, ukuphakama kwamandla, isiqongo, kanye nokwehla kwabo ekugcineni.
Umsuka kanye Nesisekelo
UMbuso Wase-Ottoman wasungulwa ngu-Osman I ngo-1299. Igama lobukhosi livela ku-Osman I (ophinde abhalwe ngokuthi u-Othman), owayengumholi wezizwe zaseTurkey e-Anatolia. U-Osman, owazalwa ngo-1258, wasizakala ngokuwa kweSeljuk Sultanate of Rum kanye nobuthakathaka bokulawula kweByzantine kulesi sifunda. Ubuholi bakhe kanye nentuthuko yakhe yezempi kwanikeza isisekelo esiqinile salokho okwakuzoba umbuso onamandla.
Ukwanda Kwasekuqaleni
Ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Osman I, ubukhosi bama-Ottoman baqala ukwanda, bathatha izindawo eMbusweni waseByzantine. Abamlandela, ikakhulukazi u-Orhan (indodana ka-Osman), baqhubeka nalokhu kwanda. U-Orhan wathumba iBursa ngo-1326, okwenza kwaba idolobha lokuqala elibalulekile lama-Ottoman futhi walimisa njengenhloko-dolobha yokuqala yombuso. Lesi sikhathi sabona nama-Ottoman ethuthukisa uhlelo lokuphatha nolwezempi oluhlelekile, olwaluzoba lubalulekile ekwandeni kwawo kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ukunqotshwa kweConstantinople
Esinye sezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni woBukhosi base-Ottoman kwaba ukunqotshwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453 nguSultan Mehmed II, owaziwa nangokuthi uMehmed uMnqobi. Amaqhinga kaMehmed ezempi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zomshoshaphansi kwanqoba izindonga zaseConstantinople ezindala kakhulu, kwaphawula ukuphela koMbuso waseByzantine. Ukuwa komuzi akugcini nje ngokunikeza ama-Ottoman inhloko-dolobha ebalulekile ngokomfanekiso nangokuhlela kodwa futhi kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha yokubusa kwama-Ottoman. I-Istanbul, njengoba yaqanjwa kabusha, yaba yisikhungo esichumayo samasiko nezomnotho, ihlanganisa iYurophu ne-Asia.
Isikhathi Segolide: USüleyman Omkhulu
UMbuso Wase-Ottoman wafinyelela esicongweni ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaSüleyman Omkhulu (1520-1566). USüleyman wandisa imingcele yombuso yaya eYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Imikhankaso yakhe yezempi yaletha izindawo ezifana neHungary, izingxenye zase-Austria, kanye nezingxenye ezinkulu zePersian Gulf ngaphansi kokulawulwa yi-Ottoman.
USüleyman wayengumniki-mthetho ovelele; izinguquko zakhe zomthetho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwezomthetho olujwayelekile kwamtholela igama lakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusekela kwakhe ubuciko kwaholela ekuchumeni kwamasiko, izakhiwo, izincwadi kanye nesayensi. Izikhumbuzo ezidumile, njengeSüleymaniye Mosque, zimi njengobufakazi balesi sikhathi sokuchuma kanye nobukhulu bamasiko.
Ukwehla kanye Nezinselele
Ukwehla koMbuso Wase-Ottoman kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlanganiswa kwezingxabano zangaphakathi, izingcindezi zangaphandle, kanye nezinguquko ezihlulekile. Ngemva kukaSüleyman, umbuso wabhekana nezinselele ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukungazinzi Kwezepolitiki: Ama-sultan akamuva ayentula izimfanelo zobuholi ezifana nezabanduleli bawo, okwaholela ekulweni kwamandla angaphakathi kanye nokubusa okukhohlakele.
2. Izinkinga Zezomnotho: Ukwanda okukhulu kombuso kwenza kwaba nzima ukuphatha, futhi izinqubomgomo zezomnotho eziphelelwe yisikhathi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemizila yokuhweba, kwenza umnotho wawo waba buthaka.
3. Ukunqotshwa Kwezempi: Umbuso wabhekana nezinselele eziningi zempi, ikakhulukazi ukwehluleka ekuViege of Vienna ngo-1683 kanye nokulahlekelwa okulandelanayo ezimpini namazwe aseYurophu, okwaqeda kancane kancane ukubusa kwama-Ottoman.
4. Ukuwohloka Kokuphatha: Uhlelo lokuphatha olwalusebenza kahle lwaqala ukwehluleka. AmaJanissaries, iqembu lezempi elikhethekile, aqala ukonakala futhi aba nethonya kwezepolitiki, okwenza umbuso waqhubeka nokuwohloka.
Izinguquko zeTanzimat kanye nemizamo yokuthuthukisa isimanje
Ngekhulu le-19, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wazama ukwenza kube yisimanje futhi uguqule phakathi nesikhathi seTanzimat (1839-1876), esaqalwa nguSultan Mahmud II futhi saqhubeka nabamlandelayo. Lezi zinguquko zazihlose ukuhlela kabusha izinhlelo zokuphatha, ezempi, kanye nezomnotho ukuze kuqiniswe umbuso futhi kulwiswane nokungenela kweYurophu. Izinguquko eziphawulekayo zazihlanganisa:
– Ukuthuthukiswa Kwebutho Lezempi: Ukuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi kanye nengqalasizinda ukuze kuncintiswane namabutho aseYurophu.
– Ukulungiswa Kokuphatha: Ukwenza lula ihhovisi likahulumeni kanye nokunciphisa inkohlakalo.
– Izinguquko Zezomnotho: Ukuvuselela izinhlelo zentela nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni.
Naphezu kwale mizamo, umbuso wahluleka ukuhambisana neYurophu eyayikhula ngokushesha kwezezimboni kanye nokushintsha kwezepolitiki.
I-Young Turk Revolution kanye noMbuso Womthethosisekelo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-Young Turks, inhlangano yokuguqula, aphakama kakhulu, ekhuthaza ukwenziwa kwesimanje kanye nokwakhiwa kobukhosi obusekelwe kumthethosisekelo. I-Young Turk Revolution ngo-1908 yabuyisela umthethosisekelo futhi yanciphisa amandla aphelele e-sultan, okwaholela eNkathini Yesibili Yomthethosisekelo. Kodwa-ke, ukwahlukana kwezepolitiki, izinsongo zangaphandle, kanye neMpi Yezwe I kwaletha izinselele ezinkulu kulezi zinguquko.
IMpi Yezwe I kanye Nokuqedwa KoMbuso
Ukubandakanyeka koMbuso Wase-Ottoman eMpini Yezwe I kwaba yisikhathi esibalulekile ekuweni kwawo. Ehambisana neMibuso Ephakathi, ama-Ottoman abhekana nokunqotshwa okukhulu futhi alahlekelwa izindawo ezibalulekile. Imiphumela yempi, kanye nezinhlangano zobuzwe ezindaweni zawo, yaholela ekuqhekekeni kombuso.
Igalelo lokugcina lafika ngeSivumelwano saseSèvres ngo-1920, esahlukanisa ingxenye enkulu yendawo yama-Ottoman phakathi kwamandla e-Allied. Impi Yokuzimela YaseTurkey eyalandela (1919-1923), eyayiholwa nguMustafa Kemal Atatürk, yaphetha ngokuqedwa kweSultanate yama-Ottoman ngo-1922. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuphela koBukhosi base-Ottoman kanye nokusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey ngo-1923.
Ifa kanye nesiphetho
Ifa loBukhosi base-Ottoman lijulile futhi liyinkimbinkimbi. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu ayisithupha, labumba izindawo zezombusazwe, zamasiko, kanye nezomnotho zesifunda esikhulu, lashiya uphawu olungenakulibaleka emlandweni. Kusukela ezimangalisweni zezakhiwo zase-Istanbul kuya eminikelweni yamasiko kwezobuciko, umculo, kanye nezincwadi, ithonya lama-Ottoman liyaqhubeka.
Umlando wobukhosi usebenza njengesikhumbuzo esinamandla sokushintshashintsha kwamandla, izinselele zokubusa, kanye nemiphumela yokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje. Indaba yobukhosi base-Ottoman akuyona nje indaba yokunqotshwa nokwehla kodwa iwubufakazi bekhono elihlala njalo lempucuko lokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuguquka phakathi neminyaka.
