Iyini i-Metamorphic Rock?
Isingeniso
Amatshe e-Metamorphic angenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zamadwala eziyinhloko, kanye namatshe angenawo umoya kanye nalawo angenawo umoya. Lawa matshe aguquka kakhulu ngenxa yokucindezela okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, noma uketshezi olusebenza ngamakhemikhali, okushintsha ukwakheka kwawo kwamaminerali, ukuthungwa, kanye nesakhiwo sonke. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi i-metamorphism, iholela ekwakhekeni kwamanye amatshe abonakala kahle futhi ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwesakhiwo atholakala eMhlabeni.
Ukwakheka Kwamadwala E-Metamorphic
Amatshe e-metamorphic akhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngaphakathi kongqimba loMhlaba lapho izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi kuphezulu kodwa hhayi ngezinga lokuthi kuzoholela ekuncibilikeni. Lokhu kulinganisela okubucayi kubalulekile ekuguqulweni kwamatshe akhona kakade, kungaba amatshe angcolile, angcolile, noma amadala e-metamorphic, abe yizinhlobo ezintsha ze-metamorphic.
Izinhlobo ze-Metamorphism
1. Ukushintshashintsha kokuxhumana:
Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amatshe akhona ehlangana ne-magma. Ukushisa okukhulu okuvela ku-magma "kubhaka" amatshe azungezile, okubangela izinguquko ze-mineral. Indawo ethintekile yilokhu kushisa okukhulu ivame ukuba seduzane nokungena kwe-magmatic, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamatshe anjenge-hornfels.
2. Ukuguqulwa Kwesimo Sesifunda:
Lolu hlobo lwenzeka ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezihlotshaniswa nezinqubo zokwakha izintaba kanye nemisebenzi ye-tectonic plate. Ingcindezi enkulu kanye nokushisa okubangelwa ukushayisana kwe-tectonic kuholela ekuguqukeni okubanzi, okukhiqiza amatshe anjenge-schist, i-gneiss, kanye ne-slate.
3. Ukuguqulwa Kwesimo Se-Hydrothermal:
Kwenzeka lapho uketshezi olushisayo, olusebenza ngamakhemikhali lungena ezingosini zamatshe akhona kakade. Lolu ketshezi lwenza inqubo yokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha ngokuletha ama-ion amasha kanye nokuvuselela ukusabela kwamaminerali. Lolu hlobo lokuguquka kwemvelo luvame ukubonakala eduze kwezingqimba eziphakathi kolwandle lapho amanzi olwandle ehlangana khona noqweqwe olushisayo, olusanda kwakheka lolwandle.
4. Ukuguquguquka Okuguquguqukayo:
Kuhlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka okuphezulu kokucheba kanye nokuguquguquka, ukuguqulwa okuguquguqukayo kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni zamaphutha lapho amatshe engaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu kodwa amazinga okushisa aphansi. Lokhu kuguquguquka komshini kukhiqiza amatshe abonakala ngokubukeka okunezingqimba, noma okunezingqimba, njenge-mylonite.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamadwala e-Metamorphic
Amatshe e-Metamorphic ahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwawo kanye nokwakheka kwamaminerali:
1. Amadwala Ane-Foliated Metamorphic:
La matshe abonisa ukubukeka okunezingqimba noma okunezibambo. Izibonelo ezivamile zifaka:
– I-Slate: I-slate enezinhlamvu ezincane futhi ngokuvamile etholakala ku-shale, i-slate ibonakala ngesici sayo esihle kakhulu sokuqhekeka.
– Schist: Leli dwala eliphakathi nendawo kuya kwelikhulu libonisa amaqabunga acacile futhi livame ukuqukethe amaminerali afana ne-mica.
– I-Gneiss: Inemicu yamaminerali ekhanyayo nemnyama eshintshanayo, i-gneiss inezinhlayiya eziqinile futhi ivame ukwakheka ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokushisa okuphezulu.
2. Amadwala Angashintshiwe:
La matshe awabonisi ukubukeka okunezingqimba noma okunezibambo. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zifaka:
– Imabula: Yakhiwe nge-limestone, imabula iyaziswa ngokukhanga kwayo okuhle futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqopheni nasekuklameni izakhiwo.
– I-Quartzite: Itholakala etsheni lesihlabathi elicebile nge-quartz, i-quartzite iyidwala eliqinile, elingenamahlamvu.
– Ama-Hornfel: Ngokuvamile akhiwa ngokushintshashintsha kokuxhumana, ama-hornfel anokwakheka okucolekile futhi angamatshe aqinile, ahlala isikhathi eside.
Izinqubo ze-Metamorphic
Izinqubo ezibalulekile ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni kwamadwala ashintshashintshayo zihlanganisa:
1. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha:
Le nqubo ihilela ukwakheka kwamaminerali amasha azinzile ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi. Isibonelo, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe i-limestone kuholela ekwakhekeni kwemabula.
2. Ushintsho Lwesigaba:
Amaminerali akhona angase aguquke abe ama-polymorph ahlukene azinze kakhulu ezimweni zokucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokushisa. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo ukuguqulwa kwe-graphite ibe yidayimane.
3. Isixazululo Sokucindezela:
Ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqondisiwe, amaminerali angancibilika ezindaweni ezinokucindezeleka okuphezulu futhi afinyelele ezindaweni ezinokucindezeleka okuphansi. Le nqubo inegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kokuthungwa kwamaqabunga.
4. Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki:
Amatshe acindezelwe kakhulu angawohloka abe yipulasitiki. Le nqubo ishintsha ukuma nokuqondana kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali ngaphandle kokuqhekeka noma ukuphula idwala, okufaka isandla ekubunjweni kwamaqabunga okubonakala emadwaleni ashintshashintshayo njenge-schists kanye ne-gneisses.
Ukubaluleka Kwezomnotho
Amatshe e-metamorphic anenani elikhulu kwezomnotho:
1. Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlobisa:
Imabula kanye neslate kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zokwakha. Ukubukeka okuhle kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba zala matshe kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwama-countertop, phansi kanye nophahla.
2. Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimboni:
Amanye amatshe angashintshiwe, njenge-quartzite kanye ne-hornfels, anobulukhuni obuphawulekayo kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu, okwenza afaneleke ukusetshenziswa njengetshe elichotshoziwe ekwakhiweni komgwaqo kanye nanjenge-ballast yesitimela.
3. Amatshe Ayigugu:
I-Metamorphism ingadala amatshe ayigugu. Isibonelo, i-garnet, evame ukwakheka ngaphansi kwezimo ze-metamorphic, iyitshe eliyigugu elidumile, futhi ukwakheka kwamadayimane avela ku-graphite kuyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sokuguqulwa kwezimbiwa ngenxa yezimo ezimbi kakhulu.
Amadwala Ashintshashintshayo Emlandweni Womhlaba
Amatshe ashintshashintshayo ayigugu kakhulu kososayensi bezinto zomhlaba njengoba enikeza ithuba lokuthola izimo zangaphakathi zoMhlaba kanye nezinqubo ze-tectonic ngezikali zesikhathi sezinto zomhlaba. Ngokutadisha la matshe, ososayensi bezinto zomhlaba bangaphetha ngezimiso zokushisa, izimo zokucindezela, ngisho nezindawo zamakhemikhali zoqweqwe loMhlaba kanye ne-mantle ngezikhathi ezahlukene.
Amatshe anjengezinhlayiya zasendulo kanye nama-gneisses atholakala ezivikelweni zezwekazi ezindala kakhulu eMhlabeni anikeza ukuqonda ngokwakhiwa kanye nokuzinza koqweqwe lwezwekazi lokuqala. Ucwaningo lwabo lusize ekwakheni kabusha amamodeli ezwekazikazi lasendulo kanye nokuqonda izinqubo ze-tectonic ezakha umlando we-geological weplanethi yethu.
Isiphetho
Amatshe e-Metamorphic, anemvelaphi yawo ehlukahlukene, ukuthungwa kwawo, kanye nokwakheka kwawo, alandisa indaba ethakazelisayo yokuguquka ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo zoMhlaba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yokushisa okukhulu kwe-contact metamorphism, amandla okucindezela e-regional metamorphism, noma i-chemistry ye-hydrothermal fluids, la matshe ahlala eguquka, equkethe isimiso sokuthi ushintsho luyisici esiyisisekelo sezinqubo ze-geological. Ukubaluleka kwawo kwezomnotho kanye nedatha yomlando ayinikezayo kuwenza abe usizo kakhulu kokubili embonini kanye nesayensi, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwawo ekuqondeni kwethu uMhlaba.
