Indlela Yokubona Amaminerali Ngokuhlola Umzimba
Amaminerali atholakala ngokwemvelo, izinto eziqinile ezingaphili ezinokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuchaziwe kanye nesakhiwo sekristalu. Izazi ze-geology, izazi zokuzilibazisa, kanye nabafundi bavame ukuthembela ekuhlolweni ngokomzimba ukuze bathole la magugu emvelo lapho izinsimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi zingatholakali. Ukuhlonza amaminerali ngokuhlolwa ngokomzimba kuhilela uchungechunge lwezivivinyo zokuxilonga ezisebenzisa izici ezibonakalayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola lezi zindlela, sihlola izinyathelo eziyisisekelo wonke umuntu angazithatha ukuze ahlonze amaminerali ngempumelelo enkulu.
1. Umbala
Umbala uvame ukuba yisici sokuqala esibonakala kusampula yamaminerali. Nakuba kuyithuluzi lokuxilonga eliwusizo, lingadukisa ngenxa yokungcola okungashintsha umbala weminerali. Isibonelo, i-quartz ingavela emibala eminingi ngenxa yamaminerali alula. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi kuphawulwa ukuthi umbala unikeza indawo yokuqala, akufanele kube yiyo yodwa indlela yokuxilonga.
Izibonelo:
– I-Pyrite (eyaziwa ngokuthi igolide lesiwula) inombala ohlukile ophuzi nobhedu.
– I-Malachite inombala oluhlaza ogqamile.
2. Umugqa
I-Streak ibhekisela kumbala we-mineral uma i-powdered, okuvame ukuhambisana kakhulu nombala we-mineral specimen uqobo. Lokhu kuhlolwa ngokuhlikihla i-mineral engxenyeni ye-porcelain engacwebezeli eyaziwa ngokuthi i-streak plate.
Izibonelo:
– I-Hematite ishiya umugqa obomvu kuya kobomvu ngokunsundu.
– I-Pyrite ishiya umugqa omnyama oluhlaza okotshani.
3. Ukukhazimula
I-Luster ichaza indlela ukukhanya okukhanya ngayo ebusweni be-mineral. Ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-metallic kanye ne-non-metallic. Ngaphansi kokukhanya okungeyona i-metallic, izinhlobo ezincane ezifana ne-vitreous (ezifana nengilazi), i-pearly, i-greasy, kanye ne-earthy (ezibuthuntu) zingabonakala kabanzi.
Izibonelo:
– I-Galena ikhombisa ukukhanya kwensimbi.
– I-Quartz ivame ukuba nokukhanya okufana nengilazi (okufana ne-vitreous).
4. Ubulukhuni
Isikali sobulukhuni be-Mohs, esisukela ku-1 (talc) kuya ku-10 (idayimane), siyindlela yokuqhathanisa yokuhlola ubulukhuni bemaminerali. Kuyindlela yokulinganisa ukumelana nokuklwebheka kwamaminerali ahlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa ikhono lezinto eziqinile ukuklwebheka ezithambile. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezivamile, njengozipho (ubulukhuni 2.5), ipeni yethusi (ubulukhuni 3.5), isipikili sensimbi (ubulukhuni 5.5), kanye nengilazi (ubulukhuni 5.5-6), kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni indawo yeminerali esikalini.
Izibonelo:
– I-Talc ingaklwejwa ngozipho.
– I-Quartz, enobunzima obungu-7, ingaklwebha ingilazi.
5. Ukuqhekeka Nokuphuka
Ukuqhekeka kuwukuthambekela kweminerali ukuqhekeka ezindaweni ezisicaba, ezilinganayo ngenxa yobuthakathaka ekwakhiweni kwayo kwekristalu. Amaminerali angaba nokuqhekeka okuphelele, okuhle, noma okubi, kuye ngokuthi aqhekeka kanjani ngokuhlanzekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqhekeka kuchaza indlela iminerali eqhekeka ngayo lapho ukuqhekeka kungekho, okuholela ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile noma ezigobile.
Izibonelo:
– I-Mica ihlukana ibe amashidi amancane ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwayo okuphelele.
– I-Quartz ivame ukuqhekeka ngephethini efana ne-conchoidal (efana negobolondo).
6. Amandla adonsela phansi athile
Amandla adonsela phansi athile ayisilinganiso sobuningi beminerali. Yisilinganiso sesisindo seminerali nesisindo somthamo olinganayo wamanzi. Amandla adonsela phansi aphezulu avame ukuhlobana nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwensimbi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwama-athomu aminyene.
Izibonelo:
– I-Galena inamandla aphezulu ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-lead.
– I-Halite inamandla aphansi futhi izwakala ilula uma iqhathaniswa.
7. Ifomu lekristalu kanye nomkhuba
Isimo sekristalu sibhekisela esimweni sangaphandle sekristalu yeminerali ekhula ngokwemvelo ibe yindawo ethile. Umkhuba umayelana nokubonakala okuvamile noma izici zamakristalu amaminerali.
Izibonelo:
– I-pyrite ivame ukwakha amakristalu e-cubic.
– I-Quartz ingavela njengamakristalu e-prismatic.
8. Ezinye Izakhiwo Zokuxilonga
A. Uzibuthe
Amanye amaminerali abonisa amandla kazibuthe futhi angahlolwa kusetshenziswa amandla kazibuthe ajwayelekile.
Isibonelo:
– I-Magnetite inamandla amakhulu okuzibutha.
B. Ukunambitha
Nakuba kunganconywa njalo ngezizathu zokuphepha, amanye amaminerali anokunambitheka okuhlukile.
Isibonelo:
– I-Halite (usawoti wedwala) inambitheka njengosawoti.
C. Ukusabela ku-Acid
Amaminerali e-carbonate asabela ne-hydrochloric acid encibilikisiwe ngokuvutha noma ukusha ngenxa yokukhishwa kwegesi ye-carbon dioxide.
Isibonelo:
– I-Calcite isabela ngamandla ne-HCl.
D. Ukugqama
Amanye amaminerali akhanya ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Lesi sici singabonakala ngesibani se-UV ezimweni ezimnyama.
Isibonelo:
– I-Fluorite ingabonisa imibala ehlukahlukene ye-fluorescent.
9. Amathiphu Awusizo Okuhlonza Izimbiwa
– Sebenzisa i-Field Kit: I-base geology field kit equkethe amathuluzi afana ne-streak plate, i-magnet, i-hand lens, ibhodlela le-acid, kanye ne-hardness picks ingaba usizo kakhulu.
– Bheka ku-Guides: Sebenzisa iziqondiso zasensimini kanye nezincwadi ze-mineralogy ezinikeza izithombe kanye nezincazelo ezinemininingwane ukuze uthole okutholakele okubhekiselwe kukho.
– Bhala phansi okubonwe: Bhala phansi ngokucophelela konke okubonwe bese ukuqhathanisa namasampula aziwayo ukuze uthole ukunemba.
– Xhumana Nochwepheshe: Uma ungabaza, xhumana nososayensi bezinto zomhlaba noma wabelane ngamasampula namaqembu endawo ezinto zomhlaba noma izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ukuze uthole umbono wesibili.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlonza amaminerali ngokuhlola ngokomzimba kuhilela ukubheka nokuhlola izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba ezifana nombala, imicu, ukukhanya, ubulukhuni, ukuqhekeka, ukuphuka, amandla adonsela phansi athile, isimo sekristalu, kanye nezakhiwo ezengeziwe zokuxilonga. Ngenkathi isakhiwo ngasinye sinikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile, ukuthembela kuphela kwesinye kungaholela ekuhlonzeni okungalungile. Indlela engcono kakhulu iwukubala zonke izici ndawonye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungusosayensi wezinto zomhlaba onolwazi noma ungumuntu osafufusa onelukuluku, ukwazi lawa masu kuvula ifasitela elithakazelisayo ezweni lamaminerali, kwembulwe ubuhle nobunzima bengcebo yezinto zomhlaba.
