Indlela Izinsalela Ezisiza Ngayo Kudatha Ye-Stratigraphic
Ukutadisha umlando woMhlaba kufana nokusebenzisa incwadi yasendulo, egugile lapho amakhasi evame ukungabikho noma ukuqhekeka. Izazi ze-paleontologists kanye nezazi ze-geology, ezifana nezazi-mlando ezikhuthele, zilwela ukwakha kabusha le ndaba ngezindlela ezahlukene. Phakathi kwalezi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsalela ekuchazeni idatha ye-stratigraphic kusalokhu kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu neziqondayo. Izinsalela zinikeza uhlaka lokulandelana kwezikhathi, zembula izimo zemvelo, futhi zisiza ekuhlanganiseni izinsalela ezikude kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukuthi lezi zinsalela zempilo yasendulo zibaluleke kangakanani esifundweni se-stratigraphy.
Ama-Fossils njengezimpawu ze-Biostratigraphic
I-Biostratigraphy igatsha le-stratigraphy eligxile ekuhlobaneni nasekulinganisweni kwesikhathi kwe-strata yamadwala ngokuqukethwe kwezinsalela. Isekelwe esimisweni sokulandelana kwezilwane, esabekwa nguWilliam Smith ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. USmith waphawula ukuthi izendlalelo zamadwala ezidakayo (ama-strata) zaziqukethe ukuhlanganiswa okuhlukile kwezinsalela nokuthi lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwalandelana ngokulandelana okubonakalayo. Lesi simiso senza izazi ze-geology zikwazi ukwabela iminyaka ehlobene ne-strata futhi ziyihlanganise ezindaweni ezibanzi zezwe.
Isibonelo, uma uLayer A eNingizimu Melika uqukethe i-Fossil X etholakala nakuLayer B e-Afrika, umuntu angaphetha ngokuthi lezi zingqimba cishe zilingana nobudala. Ukuxhumana okunjalo kube okubalulekile ekwakheni isikali sesikhathi se-geological kanye nokuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zezwekazi kanye nezasolwandle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinsalela Zenkomba
Isihluthulelo se-biostratigraphy yizinsalela ze-index. Lezi yizinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezinokusatshalaliswa okubanzi kwendawo kodwa isikhathi esifushane. Ukuba khona kwazo ngaphakathi kwengqimba yedwala akubonisi nje kuphela ubudala bedwala kodwa futhi nokutholakala kwalo ngokuvumelanayo ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ama-Trilobite, ama-ammonite, kanye nama-foaminifera athile ayizibonelo eziyinhloko zezinsalela ze-index.
Isibonelo, i-ammonite Dactylioceras, evame ukutholakala ezinhlwini zeJurassic, isetshenziswa njenge-index fossil. Ukuba khona kwayo kusiza izazi ze-geology ukuthi zibone amatshe aneminyaka enguJurassic emhlabeni jikelele. Ukunemba okunikezwa yi-index fossil kuvumela ukwakhiwa okuningiliziwe nokunembile komlando woMhlaba.
Izinsalela kanye Nokwakhiwa Kabusha Kwemvelo
Izinsalela zenza okungaphezu nje kwamatshe esikhathi esidlule. Zinikeza irekhodi lezindawo ezidlule, zinikeza ukuqonda ngesimo sezulu sasendulo, amazinga olwandle, kanye nokuguquguquka kwemvelo. Ngokutadisha ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsalela, izazi ze-geology zingaphetha ngokuthi isigaba esithile simele indawo yasolwandle, ichibi lamanzi ahlanzekile, ugwadule, noma isifunda esinamahlathi.
Izinsalela zasolwandle ezifana namakhorali nezinhlobo ezithile ze-plankton zibonisa indawo yolwandle, kuyilapho izinsalela zezitshalo nezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile zisikisela indawo yomhlaba noma yamanzi ahlanzekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezinsalela ezithile kungabonisa izimo zezulu zangaphambilini; isibonelo, ukutholakala kwamaqabunga esundu afakwe izinsalela e-Arctic strata kusikisela ukuthi lesi sifunda sasike saba namazinga okushisa afudumele kakhulu.
I-Paleontology kanye ne-Sequence Stratigraphy
I-Sequence stratigraphy iyindlela ethuthukisiwe yokuhlaziya i-stratigraphic ehlanganisa i-sedimentology, i-stratigraphy, kanye ne-paleontology. Igxila ekuqondeni ukulandelana kwe-depositional—ukulandelana okuvumelanayo kwamatshe e-sedimentary okuvinjelwe ukungaguquguquki. Ama-fossils adlala indima ebalulekile lapha ngokusiza ekusunguleni izikhathi zalezi zinhlelo nokuqonda ukushintsha kwezindawo ze-depositional.
Isibonelo, ukuhlonza izilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla ezifakwe izinsalela ngaphezu kwesendlalelo esiqukethe izinsalela zezitshalo zasemhlabeni kungabonisa ukulandelana okuphambene—lapho amazinga olwandle enyuka khona ngaphezu komhlaba owavezwa ngaphambili. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukutholakala kwezinsalela zasemhlabeni phezu kwezinsalela zasolwandle kungase kubonise ukulandelana okubuyela emuva, okubonisa ukwehla kwamazinga olwandle.
Irekhodi Lamafosili kanye ne-Chronostratigraphy
I-Chronostratigraphy, igatsha le-stratigraphy eliphathelene nobudlelwano besikhathi kanye nobudala be-rock strata, lithembele kakhulu kuma-fossil. Njengoba i-radiometric dating ivame ukungasebenzi emadwaleni ase-sedimentary (angavamile ukuqukatha amaminerali afanele alolu hlobo lokuqopha), ama-fossil anikeza okunye okubalulekile. Ngokubona nokuthola isikhathi sezingqimba zomlotha wentaba-mlilo ngaphakathi kwezingqimba ze-sedimentary (njengoba lezi zingaba nosuku lwe-radiometric), futhi zihlobanise nokuhlanganiswa kwama-fossil, izazi ze-geology zingakha uhlaka lwe-chronostratigraphic olunembe kakhudlwana.
Le ndlela yaboniswa ekubalweni kwesikhathi somngcele we-KT (umngcele we-Cretaceous-Paleogene), ophawula umcimbi wokuphela kwenqwaba. Umngcele ubonakala ngengqimba ehlukile yobumba ecebile nge-iridium, okucatshangwa ukuthi ivela emthonjeni we-asteroid owabangela ukuqothulwa kwenqwaba. Ubufakazi bezinsalela ezivela ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwalolu ngqimba, obuhlanganiswe nokulinganisa isikhathi kwe-radiometric, basize ekutholeni lesi senzakalo esiyinhlekelele eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-66 edlule.
I-Taphonomy kanye Nendima Yayo Ekuhleleni Izakhiwo
I-Taphonomy, isifundo sezinqubo ezithinta izinto eziphilayo njengoba ziba yizinsalela, nayo inegalelo ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo. Ukuqonda izimo nezinqubo eziholela ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo kusiza izazi ze-geology ukuhumusha izindawo zokugcina izinto kanye noshintsho lwe-diagenetic. Isibonelo, ukuqongelela okuphezulu kwezinsalela zezinhlanzi ezigcinwe kahle ngaphakathi kwesigaba esithile kungase kubonise ukungcwatshwa okusheshayo endaweni engenawo umoya-mpilo (engenawo umoya-mpilo), njengechibi elimile, okuvimbela ukubola nokuqothula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo ze-taphonomic zingaveza izinguquko zangemuva kokubekwa, njengemiphumela ye-diagenesis (izinguquko zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwe-lithification) ekhwalithini nasekusatshalalisweni kwezinsalela. Lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile lapho kuchazwa amarekhodi ezinsalela futhi kuhlanganiswa nezimo ezibanzi ze-stratigraphic.
Izinselelo Nemikhawulo
Nakuba izinsalela zinikeza idatha ebalulekile yezifundo ze-stratigraphic, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuza nezinselele. Umlando wezinsalela awuphelele ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokubandlulula okuhlukahlukene, njengokulondolozwa okuhlukile kanye nokuthatha amasampula, imikhawulo yezemvelo, kanye nezinqubo ze-geological ezingase zibhubhise noma zifihle ubufakazi bezinsalela. Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zamadwala eziqukethe izinsalela, futhi iningi lezinto eziphilayo alinamathuba amaningi okuthi ziphenduke izinsalela, ngaleyo ndlela zidale izikhala kurekhodi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwe-diachronous (izisende ezifakwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene ezindaweni ezahlukene kodwa zakha ungqimba olulodwa) kungenza kube nzima imizamo yokuhlobana. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha kwedatha yezinsalela, kuhlanganiswe nezinye izindlela ze-stratigraphic, kunganciphisa eminye yale mikhawulo.
Isiphetho
Izinsalela zisebenza njengezibuko zomlando ojulile woMhlaba, zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuhlaziywa kwe-stratigraphic. Zisebenza njengezimpawu zesikhathi, izinkomba zemvelo, kanye namathuluzi okuxhumana okukhulu kwe-geological. Ngokutadisha ngokucophelela nokuhumusha ubufakazi bezinsalela, izazi ze-geology zingakha kabusha indaba yomlando yeplanethi yethu, zembule izimfihlakalo zezindawo zemvelo zasendulo, izinguquko zesimo sezulu, kanye nemicimbi ye-geological. Nakuba irekhodi lezinsalela lingase lingaphelele, iminikelo yalo ekuqondeni i-stratigraphy ibalulekile, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kwe-paleontology emkhakheni obanzi wesayensi yoMhlaba.
