Indlela Ukungcoliswa Kwamanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba Okwenzeka Ngayo
Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angenye yezinsiza zethu zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ahlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza cishe ku-50% wabantu bomhlaba kanye nokunisela cishe ku-40% womkhiqizo wezolimo womhlaba. Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo okukhulu, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asengozini enkulu yokungcola. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kwenzeka kanjani kubalulekile ekuvikeleni lo mthombo obalulekile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela eziyinhloko lapho amanzi angaphansi komhlaba engcoliswa khona, izinto ezingcolisayo ezinkulu, kanye nemiphumela yalezi zinto ezingcolisayo empilweni yabantu kanye nasemvelweni.
Imithombo Nezindlela Zokungcola
Ukungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuvela kakhulu emithonjeni emibili eyinhloko: imithombo yamaphuzu kanye nemithombo engeyona yamaphuzu. Imithombo yamaphuzu iyimithombo yokungcola ebonakala, evalekile, futhi etholakala endaweni, njengamathangi okugcina angaphansi komhlaba avuzayo, izindawo zokulahla imfucuza, kanye nezindawo zezimboni. Imithombo engeyona yamaphuzu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyasabalala futhi ivame ukumboza izindawo ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa amanzi agelezayo ezolimo kanye namanzi emvula asemadolobheni.
Imithombo Yamaphuzu
1. Amathangi Okugcina Izinto Ngaphansi Komhlaba Avuzayo (LUSTs): Amathangi aphethe imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, amakhemikhali, noma ezinye izinto eziyingozi angavuza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokugqwala, ukufakwa okungafanele, noma ukunakekelwa okunganele. Lawa matangi avame ukuba seduze neziteshi zikaphethiloli, izindawo zezimboni, noma izikhungo zempi. Uma kwenzeka ukuvuza, izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana ne-benzene, i-toluene, ne-ethylbenzene zingavuza enhlabathini bese kuthi kamuva zingene emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
2. Ukukhishwa Kwezinto Ezivela Ezimbonini: Amafektri nezindawo zokwenza izimboni zingalahla imfucuza ngendlela engafanele, ngamabomu noma ngengozi, okuholela ekungcoleni kwenhlabathi eseduze kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Izinto ezivame ukungcola zihlanganisa izinsimbi ezisindayo (njenge-lead, i-mercury, ne-cadmium), izinyibilikisi, kanye namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene emvelo.
3. Izindawo Zokulahla Imfucuza: Izindawo zokulahla imfucuza kanye nezindawo zokulahla imfucuza eziyingozi zibeka engcupheni enkulu ikhwalithi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Njengoba imfucuza ibola, ingakhiqiza i-leachate—uketshezi olungena emfucumfucwini bese lumunca izinto ezincibilikayo. Izindawo zokulahla imfucuza ezingafakwanga kahle noma ezingalawulwa kahle zingavumela le mfucuza ukuthi ingene ohlelweni lwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Imithombo Engeyona Eyokukhomba
1. Ukugeleza Kwezolimo: Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezivundisi, izibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula kwezolimo kukhiqiza inani elikhulu lokugeleza kwamanzi angangcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ama-nitrate avela kumanyolo ayinkinga kakhulu njengoba encibilika kakhulu futhi angena kalula emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula, kuye ngezakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali, zingabola kancane kancane noma ziqhubeke endaweni ezungezile, okuholela ekungcoleni isikhathi eside.
2. Amanzi Emvula Asemadolobheni: Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, amanzi emvula angakhukhula imigwaqo, ophahleni, kanye notshani, athathe ukungcola okufana namafutha, izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanye namakhemikhali avela emithonjeni eyahlukahlukene. La manzi emvula angcolile angangena emhlabathini futhi angcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
3. Izinhlelo Zokuthuthwa Kwendle: Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, izinhlelo zokuthuthwa kwendle ezinganakekelwa kahle noma ezingasebenzi kahle zingakhipha amagciwane, izakhamzimba, kanye namakhemikhali asekhaya emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi noma inhlabathi evumela amanzi ukuthi angene.
Izinhlobo Zokungcola Kwamanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba
Ukungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kungabandakanya izinhlobo eziningi zokungcola, kusukela ezintweni ezingaphili njengezinsimbi ezisindayo kuya kumakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kanye namagciwane abangela izifo. Izigaba eziyinhloko zokungcola zifaka:
1. Izakhamzimba: Inani elikhulu lezakhamzimba, ikakhulukazi ama-nitrate nama-phosphate, lingangena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba lisuka emanzini agelezayo ezolimo, izinhlelo ze-septic, kanye nezitshalo zokwelapha amanzi angcolile. Amazinga aphezulu e-nitrate ayinkathazo enkulu yezempilo, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, njengoba engabangela i-methemoglobinemia noma "i-blue baby syndrome."
2. Izinsimbi Ezisindayo: Izinsimbi ezifana ne-lead, i-arsenic, i-mercury, ne-cadmium zingangena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ngezinqubo zezimboni, imisebenzi yezimayini, kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucuza okungafanele. Lezi zinsimbi zinobuthi uma ziphansi futhi zingabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo, okuhlanganisa ukulimala kwezinzwa, isifo sezinso, kanye nomdlavuza.
3. Ama-Organic Compounds: Lawa ahlanganisa uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali, kusukela kuma-hydrocarbon atholakala emikhiqizweni kaphethiloli kuya kuma-solvents afana ne-trichlorethylene (TCE) kanye ne-perchlorethylene (PCE). Amaningi ala ma-compounds abangela umdlavuza futhi angahlala emvelweni isikhathi eside, okubeka izingozi zesikhathi eside empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo.
4. Amagciwane: Amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, kanye nama-protozoa kungangcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba avela ekuvuza kwendle, izinhlelo ze-septic, kanye nendle yezilwane. Ukungcola okubangelwa yizifo kuyingozi kakhulu ngoba kungabangela izinkinga zempilo ezisheshayo nezinzima, okuhlanganisa izifo zesisu kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amanzi.
5. Usawoti: Ukungena kosawoti kungenzeka ezindaweni ezisogwini noma ezifundeni ezikhipha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngokweqile, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu osawoti. Ubuningi bosawoti obuningi bungenza amanzi angafaneleki ukuphuzwa nokunisela.
Izindlela Zokuhamba Kokungcola
Uma ukungcola kungena enhlabathini, izinqubo ezahlukene zithonya ukunyakaza kwazo kanye nokuziphatha kwazo ohlelweni lwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zinqubo zifaka:
1. Ukwenyuka: Ukuhamba kwezinto ezingcolisayo ngokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Izinto ezingcolisayo zingahamba amabanga amade uma zincibilikiswa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ahambayo.
2. Ukusabalala: Ukusabalala kwezinto ezingcolisayo kusuka ezindaweni ezigcwele kakhulu kuya ezindaweni ezigcwele kakhulu.
3. Ukuhlakazeka: Ukusabalala kokungcola ngenxa yokwehluka kwejubane lokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezahlukene zemigodi enhlabathini.
4. Ukumunca: Ukunamathela kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezinhlayiyeni zomhlabathi, okunganciphisa ukunyakaza kwazo kodwa futhi kungabangela imithombo yokungcola isikhathi eside uma ukumunca kwenzeka kamuva.
5. Ukubola kwe-biogradation: Ukuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo ezingcolisa umzimba ngenxa yomsebenzi wamagciwane. Ezinye izinto ezingcolisa umzimba zingase zonakaliswe ngokwemvelo zibe izinto ezingalimazi kakhulu, kanti ezinye zihlala ziqinile.
6. Ukusabela Kwamakhemikhali: Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene kungaguqula ukungcola kube ama-compound ahlukene, angaba nobuthi obufanayo noma obuncane kunezinto zokuqala.
Umthelela Empilweni Yabantu Nasemvelweni
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kubeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yabantu kanye nasemvelweni. Ukuphuza amanzi angcolisiwe kungaholela ezinkingeni zempilo ezibucayi nezingapheli, kuye ngohlobo kanye nokugcwala kokungcola. Imiphakathi esengozini, njengezingane, asebekhulile, kanye nabantu abane-immune system ebuthakathaka, isengozini enkulu.
Ngokwemvelo, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcolisiwe angalimaza imvelo yasemanzini uma echitheka emifuleni, emachibini, noma ezindaweni ezinamanzi. Izitshalo nezilwane ezithembele kule mithombo yamanzi zisengozini, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezinsizakalo zemvelo.
Ukuvimbela Nokulungisa
Ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kudinga amasu aphelele agxile emithonjeni eqondile nengeyona eqondile. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zifaka:
1. Ukulawula Ukukhishwa Kwemfucuza Ezimbonini: Ukuphoqelela imithetho eqinile mayelana nokulahlwa kwemfucuza yezimboni kanye nokudinga ukusetshenziswa kwemikhuba emihle yokugcina nokugcina kunganciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokungcola.
2. Izindlela Ezinhle Zokulima: Ukukhuthaza imikhuba yezolimo esimeme, njengokulima okunembile, ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa komanyolo wemvelo, kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukugeleza kwezakhamzimba kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane.
3. Ukuthuthukisa Ukuphathwa Kwemfucuza: Ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka nokuphathwa kwezindawo zokulahla imfucuza, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo ezifanele zokuqoqa ulwelwesi kanye nokungcola kwamanzi, kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
4. Ukuthuthukisa Ingqalasizinda: Ukutshala imali ezinhlelweni zesimanje nezinakekelwa kahle kanye nengqalasizinda yokuphathwa kwamanzi emvula kunganciphisa ingozi yokungcola kwendle kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi emadolobheni.
5. Ukuqapha Nokulungisa: Ukuqapha njalo ikhwalithi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kungasiza ekutholeni ukungcola kusenesikhathi. Amasu okulungisa, njengokufaka i-pump-and-treat, in situ chemical oxidation, kanye ne-bioremediation, angasetshenziswa ukuhlanza izindawo ezingcolile.
Isiphetho
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuyinkinga enezici eziningi enemiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kwenzeka kanjani kanye nokusebenzisa amasu okuvimbela nokulungisa ngempumelelo
