Amasu Okuzwa Kude Ezifundweni ZeJografi
I-Pendahuluan
Ukuzwa kude ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukuqoqwa kwedatha nolwazi mayelana nezinto noma izindawo ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngqo. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekufundweni kwezwe ngoba ivumela ukuhlaziywa nokuqapha izimo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba nezemvelo ebusweni boMhlaba. Esimweni sezwe, ukuzwa kude kunikeza ukuqonda okubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kobuso boMhlaba, amaphethini ezulu, izinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba, kanye nezinye izici ezahlukahlukene zemvelo.
Izincazelo Eziyisisekelo Nemiqondo
Ukuzwa kude kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bezinzwa ukuthola nokukala imisebe kagesi eboniswa noma ekhishwa yizinto noma izindawo ezisebusweni boMhlaba. Idatha evelayo bese icutshungulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe ulwazi olufanele. Izinzwa ezisetshenziswayo zingatholakala ezisekelweni ezahlukene, njengezindiza, amasathelayithi, noma ama-drone.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zedatha ekuqondeni okude: idatha yezithombe kanye nedatha engeyona eyezithombe. Idatha yezithombe ngokuvamile iqukethe izithombe ezithathwe ku-spectrum ye-electromagnetic ebonakalayo noma engabonakali, kuyilapho idatha engeyona eyezithombe ingafaka idatha ye-radar noma ye-lidar engekho ngesimo sezithombe ezibonakalayo.
Umlando Wokuzwa Okukude
Ukubona kude kuguquke kwaba ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi, kuqala ngezindlela ezilula. Ekuqaleni, kwenziwa ngezithombe zasemoyeni ezithathwe ngamabhaluni nezindiza. Kwenzeke intuthuko ebalulekile ngokwethulwa kwamasathelayithi ngawo-1960, ikakhulukazi ngokwethulwa kwe-NASA kwamasathelayithi aseLandsat, aklanyelwe ngqo izinjongo zokubona kude.
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bamakhompyutha kanye nesofthiwe yokuhlaziya idatha, ukuzwela kude manje kunikeza amakhono e-multi-spectral, hyperspectral, kanye ne-high resolution. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlaziywa okujulile nokunembile kwezinhlobo eziningi zezehlakalo zezwe.
Izicelo Zokuzwa Okukude KweJografi
1. Ukuqapha Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Nesimo Sezulu
Ukuzwa kude kudlala indima ebalulekile ezifundweni zesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu. Amasathelayithi esimo sezulu njenge-Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) asetshenziselwa ukuqapha umkhathi, ukubuka amafu, kanye nokukala ezinye izilinganiso zesimo sezulu. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekubikezeleni isimo sezulu kanye nokuhlola ushintsho lwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele , njengokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba, izinguquko zemvula, kanye namaphethini omoya.
2. Imephu Yokusetshenziswa Komhlaba kanye Nokumbozwa Komhlaba
Ukubona kude kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhleleni izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba kanye nokumbozwa komhlaba. Idatha evela ezithombeni zesathelayithi ezifana neLandsat kanye neSentinel isetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni, kanye nezinguquko kwezolimo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezikhathi eziningi kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi babone izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, baqonde izimbangela zazo, futhi bathuthukise amasu okuphatha umhlaba angcono.
3. Ukutholwa Kwezinhlekelele Zemvelo
Izinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana nokuzamazama komhlaba , izikhukhula, imililo yamahlathi, nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo kungatholakala ngokushesha nangokunembile kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokubona kude. Amasathelayithi e-radar afana ne-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) angasebenza ezimweni zezulu ezimbi nasebusuku, okwenza abe afanele ukuqapha izinhlekelele zemvelo. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuxhumaniseni impendulo yezinhlekelele kanye nokuhlela ukunciphisa ubungozi.
Ukuzwa kude kusetshenziselwa futhi ukuhlola nokuphatha izinsiza zemvelo, njengamanzi, amaminerali, namahlathi. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ukutholakala nokuqapha izindawo zokugcina amanzi, amaphethini okugeleza kwamanzi, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi ngokunemba okuphezulu. Emkhakheni wamaminerali, ukuzwa kude kusiza ekutholakaleni kwamadiphozithi amasha amaminerali ngokuhlaziya i-spectrum kagesi ebusweni boMhlaba.
5. Izifundo Zemvelo Nokulondolozwa Kwemvelo
Izazi zejografi zisebenzisa ukuzwela okukude ezifundweni zemvelo kanye nokulondolozwa kwazo. Le ndlela isiza ukuqapha izindawo zokuhlala, ukufuduka kwezilwane zasendle, kanye nezimo zemvelo. Izithombe zesathelayithi zenza kube lula ukubona izindawo ezibhekene nokuwohloka kwemvelo kanye nalezo ezidinga ukuvikelwa.
Amasu Nezinsimbi Zokuzwa Kude
Kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene kanye nezinsimbi ekuqondeni okukude, enye yezindlela eziyinhloko ukuhlaziywa kwe-spectral, okusebenzisa ukubonakaliswa kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebe kagesi evela ezintweni ezingaphezulu. Ezinye zezinsimbi eziyinhloko yilezi:
1. I-Optical Satellite
Amasathelayithi abonakalayo njengeLandsat, Sentinel, kanye ne-SPOT asebenzisa izinzwa ezingabonakali ezithola ukukhanya okuvela ebusweni boMhlaba. Lesi sithombe singasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokuhlaziya, njengokumapha kwesembozo somhlaba, impilo yezitshalo, kanye nokuthola izinguquko.
2. I-radar
I-Radar isebenzisa ama-microwave angangena emafwini nasemvuleni, okwenza ithembeke ezimweni zezulu ezimbi. Amasathelayithi e-SAR afana ne-RADARSAT kanye ne-TerraSAR-X asetshenziselwa ukumaka imephu ye-topographic, ukuqapha izinhlekelele zemvelo, kanye nokuhlaziya ubuso bomhlaba.
3. I-Lidar
I-Lidar (Ukuthola Nokulinganisa Ukukhanya) ilinganisa ibanga lezinto ezisebusweni boMhlaba isebenzisa ama-laser. Lawa mathuluzi avame ukufakwa ezindizeni noma kuma-drones futhi asetshenziswa ekudwebeni kwezindawo ezinezinqumo eziphezulu kanye nokumodela ukuphakama kwedijithali.
4. Inzwa ye-Hyperspectral
Izinzwa ze-Hyperspectral zibamba ulwazi ngamakhulu ama-spectral band amancane kakhulu. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlonza nokuhlaziya izinto ezithile ngokusekelwe ezimpawini zazo ze-spectral ezihlukile.
Izinselele Nezixazululo
Nakuba ukubona kude kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi, kunezinselele eziningana okudingeka zinqotshwe:
1. Isixazululo Sendawo Nesesikhashana
Ukuxazululwa kwendawo kanye nesikhathi kwedatha yezithombe kungaba yisithiyo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zezwe. Ukuxazululwa okuphansi kungase kungabi ngokwanele ekuhlaziyweni okuningiliziwe, kuyilapho idatha yesikhathi ephindaphindwayo ingabangela ukubambezeleka ekuqapheni izinguquko ezishintshashintshayo.
I-2. Ukucutshungulwa kwedatha
Ubuningi bedatha evela ekubonweni okude budinga ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinsiza zokuhlaziya nokuhumusha. Ukucubungula idatha yesithombe okuyinkimbinkimbi kudinga isofthiwe ekhethekile kanye nokubala okunamandla. Amasu anjengokufunda komshini kanye nokubala kwamafu asetshenziswa kabanzi ukubhekana nalezi zinselele.
3. Ukufinyeleleka kanye Nezindleko
Ukufinyelela idatha yokubona kude kuvame ukubiza kakhulu futhi kulinganiselwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Imizamo efana neCopernicus ye-European Union inikeza idatha yamahhala evela kumasathelayithi e-Sentinel, kodwa idatha eningi yezentengiselwano isakhokhelwa.
Ikusasa Lokuzwa Kude
Ubuchwepheshe bokubona kude buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokushesha. Intuthuko efana nama-smallsat nama-CubeSats ivumela ukuthi kuqaliswe amasathelayithi amaningi ngezindleko eziphansi. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nokufunda komshini buya ngokuya busetshenziswa ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha yesithombe, okwenza kube lula ukuhumusha okusheshayo nokunembile.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokuzwa okukude ne-Geographic Information Systems (GIS) nakho kuyandiswa kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kanye nokwethulwa kwedatha ngezindlela ezisebenzisana kakhulu nezifinyeleleka kalula.
Isiphetho
Ukuzwa kude kube ithuluzi elibalulekile ezifundweni zezwe. Kusukela kumephu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuya ekutholakaleni kwezinhlekelele zemvelo , lobu buchwepheshe buvumela abacwaningi nabenzi bezinqumo ukuqonda ukuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezenzakalo ebusweni boMhlaba. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela zokuhlaziya, ukuzwa kude kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi kuzoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile kwisayensi yezwe kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo kuze kube sesikhathini esizayo.
