Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwemicabango Yendawo
I-Geography ingaphezu nje kwesayensi yamamephu noma ukukhumbula amagama ezindawo. Kuyindlela yokucabanga ngendawo, indawo, imvelo, kanye nobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwabantu nemvelo. Ngokomlando, ukucabanga ngendawo kuye kwashintsha njalo ngenxa yentuthuko yesayensi, izidingo zomphakathi, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Lezi zinguquko zishintshe i-geography yaba yisifundo sesimanje esichaza hhayi kuphela ukuthi kwenzeka kuphi into ethile, kodwa nokuthi kungani yenzeka lapho nokuthi ithinta kanjani ezinye izifunda. Okulandelayo umbono ongokomlando wentuthuko yemicabango yendawo kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala kuya enkathini yesimanje.
1. Izimpande Zemicabango Yendawo Ezweni Lasendulo
Ukucabanga ngendawo bekulokhu kukhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko, lapho abantu beqala ukuhamba, ukuhweba, nokusungula izindawo. AbaseGibhithe, abaseBhabhiloni, nabaseFenike babazi ngemifula, izinkathi zonyaka, izinkomba zomoya, kanye nemizila yokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Nakuba kusasebenza futhi kungahlelekile, lolu lwazi luyisisekelo sendawo: ukuqonda indawo yokusinda kanye nokusebenzisana.
EGrisi lasendulo, imicabango yezindawo yaqala ukuthuthuka njengengxenye yefilosofi nesayensi. Abantu abanjengoThales no-Anaximander baqala ukungabaza ukuma koMhlaba nokudweba umhlaba. UHecataeus waqoqa izincazelo zezifunda nabantu emisebenzini efana "nezindawo zezindawo zezifunda" zakuqala. Lokhu kwaphetha ngo-Eratosthenes (ngekhulu lesi-3 BC), ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwegama elithi "geographia" futhi owalinganisela ngempumelelo umjikelezo woMhlaba ngokubuka isithunzi selanga. UStrabo wabhala nezindawo ezichazayo—echaza izifunda, amasiko, kanye nezomnotho—ngenkathi uPtolemy ethula uhlelo lwe-latitude-longitude coordinate olwaba yisisekelo se-cartography yanamuhla.
2. Iminikelo Ezweni LamaSulumane kanye Nenkathi Ephakathi
Ngesikhathi senkathi ephakathi eYurophu, intuthuko yesayensi yehla ngenxa yokubusa kwemibono ethile yezenkolo. Kodwa-ke, ezweni lamaSulumane, indawo yachuma kanye nentuthuko kwezohwebo, ukuhamba ngemikhumbi, kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo ezinkulu.
Izibalo ezibalulekile ezifana no-Al-Idrisi zaqoqa imephu yomhlaba enembile ngekhulu le-12 futhi zabhala izincazelo zezifunda ngokusekelwe emibikweni yokuhamba. U-Ibn Battuta, ngezincwadi zakhe zokuhamba, wanikela ngemininingwane yezwe ngabantu kanye nezindawo zase-Afrika, e-Asia naseYurophu. U-Al-Biruni uphinde wenza izilinganiso zomhlaba futhi wafunda ngesimo sezulu kanye nezenzakalo ezibonakalayo ngokwesayensi. Leli siko lesayensi lasebenza njengebhuloho elibalulekile lokukhuphuka kwesayensi okwalandela eYurophu.
3. Isikhathi Sokuhlola kanye Nenguquko Yamamephu
Kusukela ngekhulu le-15 kuya kwele-17, ukuhlola ulwandle lwaseYurophu kwashintsha indlela abantu ababebheka ngayo umhlaba. Ezomnotho (izinongo), ezombusazwe (ubukoloni), kanye namandla esayensi kwadala isidingo esikhulu samamephu anembe kakhudlwana. I-Geography yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhamba ngemikhumbi, izimangalo zendawo, kanye nokuphathwa kwamakoloni.
I-martography yathuthuka ngokushesha, okuhlanganisa nokuqagela kwamamephu njenge-Mercator Projection (1569), okwenza kwaba lula ukuhamba. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-geography yathuthuka kakhulu ngokuqoqwa kwedatha: ukumaka izindawo ezisogwini, ukuqopha imizila yokuhweba, kanye nokuqamba izindawo ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, i-geography yayingakabi yisayensi yokuhlaziya ngokugcwele; yahlala isayensi "yencazelo yesifunda" ngokuyinhloko.
4. I-Geography Yasekuqaleni Yesimanje: Imvelo Nabantu
Ikhulu le-18 nele-19 laphawula ukuzalwa kwe-geography njengomkhakha wezemfundo ohlelekile kakhudlwana. Abantu ababili ababalulekile bavame ukucashunwa njengabasunguli be-geography yanamuhla: u-Alexander von Humboldt noCarl Ritter.
UHumboldt wagcizelela ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto zemvelo ezifana nesimo sezulu, izitshalo, kanye nokwakheka komhlaba. Wethula indlela yokuqhathanisa kanye nokubuka ngokucophelela insimu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uRitter wagcizelela ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimo zomzimba zesifunda kanye nentuthuko yaso yezenhlalo, kanye nokubaluleka kwezifundo zesifunda. Zombili zakha isisekelo sendawo yemvelo kanye nezindawo zabantu.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwavela ukunqunywa kwemvelo, bephikisana ngokuthi izimo zemvelo zinquma kakhulu ubuntu kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi. Abantu abanjengoFriedrich Ratzel bathuthukisa umqondo "wendawo yokuhlala" (Lebensraum) futhi babheka isimo njengento ephilayo eguqukayo ngokwezidingo zayo zendawo. Nakuba yayinethonya, ukunqunywa kwemvelo kamuva kwagxekwa kabanzi ngokuthambekela kwayo ekwenzeni kube lula iqiniso lezenhlalo futhi kwaze kwasetshenziswa ngisho nokuthethelela ubukoloni kanye nokwanda kwezepolitiki.
5. Ukushintshela Ekungenzekani kanye Nesimo Sezwe Sesifunda
Njengokugxekwa kokuzinqumela, kwavela ukungenzeka, ikakhulukazi emasikweni ezwekazi laseFrance. Abantu abanjengoPaul Vidal de la Blache bagcizelele ukuthi imvelo inikeza amathuba, kodwa abantu, ngamasiko, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhetha komphakathi, banganquma indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwesifunda. Lokhu kucabanga kwakhuthaza ucwaningo olulinganiselayo lwemvelo kanye nobuntu.
Kusukela kulokhu, indlela enamandla yesifunda yesifunda yathuthuka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Isifunda sezwe saqondwa njengocwaningo oluyingqayizivele lwesifunda esinenhlanganisela ehlukile yezinto ezibonakalayo nezenhlalo. Isifunda sezwe sasiza kakhulu ekuboniseni ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo eMhlabeni, kodwa kamuva sabhekwa "njengesisho" esinganele ngoba sasichaza kakhulu futhi kunzima ukusihlanganisa.
6. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinguquko Ezilinganiselwe kanye Nesikhala
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 (cishe ngo-1950-1960), i-geography yashintsha kakhulu okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-quantitative revolution. Izazi ze-geography zaqala ukusebenzisa izibalo, amamodeli ezibalo, kanye nezindlela zesayensi eziqinile ukuchaza amaphethini endawo. Ukugxila kwashintsha kusukela ekuchazeni izifunda kuya ekuhlaziyeni "isizathu" kanye "nendlela" yamaphethini endawo.
Imiqondo efana nokusatshalaliswa, ukusebenzisana kwendawo, indawo efanele, kanye nethiyori yendawo ephakathi yaba yinto ebalulekile. I-Geography yaqala ukuhlotshaniswa eduze nezomnotho, ukuhlela amadolobha, kanye nezifundo zesifunda. Le ndlela yaqinisa isimo se-geography njengesayensi yokuhlaziya, kodwa futhi yagxekwa ngokuba yinto engaqondakali kakhulu futhi engenandaba nezici zabantu njengamasiko, ulwazi, kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo.
7. I-Geography Ebucayi, Eyobuntu, Neyokuziphatha
Ukuphendula ekubuseni ngokwezibalo, kuye kwavela izikole ezintsha ezahlukahlukene zemicabango kusukela ngawo-1970. I-Behavioral geography ihlola indlela abantu abenza ngayo izinqumo zendawo ngokusekelwe emibonweni kanye nolwazi olulinganiselwe. I-Humanistic geography igcizelela ulwazi lomuntu ngendawo—isibonelo, incazelo yekhaya, ubuwena, kanye nomuzwa wokuba yingxenye.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavela i-geography ebucayi, ithonywe yimicabango kaMarxist, ubufeministi, kanye nombono wezenhlalo. I-geography yayingasabhekwa njengengathathi hlangothi, kodwa yayihlotshaniswa namandla, ubukhapitali, ubukoloni, kanye nokungalingani. Izifundo zokuhlukaniswa kwamadolobha, ukungabi nabulungisa kwemvelo, kanye nezombusazwe zesikhala zaba yizihloko ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, umcabango we-geography wanda: awuzange uhlanganise kuphela imephu yezenzakalo kodwa futhi uhlaziya izakhiwo ezizibangele.
8. Isikhathi se-GIS, Ukuzwa Okukude , kanye neJografi Yanamuhla
Ukungena ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20 naphakathi kwekhulu lama-21, ubuchwepheshe bushintshe i-geography. Izinhlelo Zolwazi Lwezindawo (i-GIS), ukuzwela kude, i-GPS, kanye ne-big data kwenze kwaba nokuhlaziywa kwendawo okunemininingwane eminingi nokusheshayo. I-geography manje idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni kwesifunda, ekunciphiseni izinhlekelele , ekuqapheni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, epidemiology, ezokuthutha, ngisho nasekuhlaziyweni kwezokuxhumana okusekelwe endaweni.
Kodwa i-geography yanamuhla ayiyona nje eyobuchwepheshe kuphela. Kukhona ukuqaphela okunamandla ukuthi idatha namamephu nakho kungaqukatha ubandlululo. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxoxo ziyakhula mayelana nokuziphatha kwedatha yendawo, ubumfihlo, kanye nokubamba iqhaza komphakathi ngokusebenzisa imephu ehlanganyelayo. I-geography yanamuhla ifuna ukuhlanganisa amandla okuhlaziya okulinganiselwe nokuzwela komphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela ibhekane nezinselele zomhlaba wonke ezifana nokukhula kwedolobha okusheshayo, inkinga yesimo sezulu, izingxabano zezinsizakusebenza , kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla.
I-Penutup
Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemicabango yezwe ubonisa ukuthi i-geography iyaqhubeka nokuguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kusukela ekubonweni okulula kwempucuko yasendulo, ukumaka nokuzulazula, kuya emibonweni yanamuhla kanye nobuchwepheshe be-GIS, i-geography ibilokhu ifuna ukuqonda umhlaba ngombono wendawo. Ukushintsha kusuka ekunqumeni kuya ekungenzeka, kusuka encazelweni yesifunda kuya ekuhlaziyweni kwenani, bese kuba izindlela ezibucayi kanye nobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, kubonisa into eyodwa: i-geography iyisayensi ephilayo. Ukucabanga kwezwe kwanamuhla kudinga ikhono lokufunda amaphethini, ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nendawo, kanye nokuhlola imiphumela yezenhlalo kanye nemvelo yezinqumo zendawo. Ngakho-ke, i-geography iyisihluthulelo esibalulekile sokuqonda ukuguquguquka komhlaba nokuphila kwabantu okukuwo—kokubili endaweni nasemhlabeni jikelele.
