Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa KweJografi Emhlabeni
I-Geography isifundo sendawo, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezici zomzimba, imvelo, kanye nabantu ebusweni boMhlaba. Le sayensi iye yathuthuka kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithonywe amasiko ahlukahlukene kanye nezinkathi zomlando.
Ukuqala KweJografi Ezweni Lasendulo
Ukuqala kwejografi kungalandelwa emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho abantu baqala ukunaka indawo ebazungezile ukuze basinde . Amasiko aseMesopotamiya, eGibhithe, naseNdiya anikela ekuqaleni ekuqondeni kwethu uMhlaba. IMesopotamiya, cishe ngo-2300 BC, yakhiqiza imephu yomlando ekhombisa indawo ezungeze idolobha laseBhabhiloni.
Omunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezezwe lasendulo kwakunguHerodotus (484–425 BC), isazi-mlando esingumGreki esaziwa ngokuthi “uBaba Womlando.” Ohambweni lwakhe, uHerodotus waqoqa ulwazi mayelana nezindawo, amaqembu ezinhlanga, kanye namasiko awo. Umqondo wezezwe wathuthukiswa futhi ngu-Anaximander (610–546 BC), obhekwa njengomunye wabokuqala ukudala imephu yomhlaba futhi wasebenzisa isikali kumamephu.
Imephu kaPtolemy, ebhalwe encwadini yakhe ethi “Geographia,” ingenye yeminikelo emikhulu yesikhathi samaGreki namaRoma. UPtolemy wadala uhlelo lwe-latitude kanye ne-longitude coordinates olwasetshenziswa kabanzi kamuva ekuzulazuleni.
IJografi NgeNkathi Ephakathi
Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma, ulwazi lwezindawo eYurophu lwehla kakhulu, kodwa lwaqhubeka nokuchuma ezweni lamaSulumane. Izazi zamaSulumane ezifana no-Al-Idrisi (1100–1165) no-Ibn Battuta (1304–1369) zadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yezindawo. U-Al-Idrisi, owayesebenza esigodlweni seNkosi uRoger II yaseSicily, wakhiqiza i-“Tabula Rogeriana,” enye yamamephu omhlaba anemininingwane eminingi futhi anembile kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo. U-Ibn Battuta, umhambi, wabhala ngohambo lwakhe, oluhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yezwe lamaSulumane nangale kwalokho, encwadini yakhe ethi “Rihla” (Uhambo).
Ukuvuselelwa Kwemvelo kanye Nenkathi Yokuhlola
I-Renaissance eYurophu yaletha ukuvuselelwa kwesithakazelo kwezwe. Abahloli bamazwe abanjengoChristopher Columbus, uVasco da Gama, noFerdinand Magellan bandisa ulwazi lwaseYurophu ngomhlaba ngokuhamba kwabo. Amamephu omhlaba adalwe ukunyakaza kwawo neziqondiso zawo adale umbono omusha woMhlaba njengento yonke ehlangene engachazwa futhi idwetshwe.
Ngekhulu le-16, uGerardus Mercator (1512–1594), umdwebi wamamephu waseDashi, wadala i-projection yeMercator, eyavumela amatilosi ukuba ahambe ngokunemba naphezu kokuphazamiseka ezindaweni ezisenyakatho.
Inguquko Yesayensi kanye Nenkathi Yokukhanyiselwa
Intuthuko yejografi yathola ukukhushulwa okukhulu yiNguquko Yesayensi kanye neNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa. Ososayensi abanjengo-Isaac Newton benze iminikelo ebalulekile yemfundiso ngomqondo wamandla adonsela phansi, okwathonya ukuqonda kwethu ukuma nokunyakaza koMhlaba.
U-Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), isazi semvelo saseJalimane nomhloli wamazwe, wayengomunye wabasunguli ekuletheni indlela yesayensi yejografi. Emsebenzini wakhe othi “Kosmos,” uHumboldt wabonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwejografi yemvelo nezinye isayensi ezifana ne-meteorology, i-geology, kanye ne-ecology.
IJografi ngekhulu le-19 kanye nele-20 lokuqala
IJografi yathuthuka yaba yisifundo sezemfundo esihlonishwayo ngekhulu le-19. UFriedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), isazi sejografi saseJalimane, wethula umqondo we-“Lebensraum,” owasetshenziswa kabi kamuva kwezepolitiki. Nokho, umsebenzi kaRatzel kwejografi yezombusazwe wanikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuthi isikhala sejografi sithinta kanjani umphakathi.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abacabangi abanjengoHalford Mackinder (1861-1947) basungula inkolelo-mbono ethi “Heartland”, eyathonya inqubomgomo yomhlaba wonke yezombusazwe. UMackinder waphikisana ngokuthi noma ngubani olawula iMpumalanga Yurophu wayezolawula “iHeartland,” ngaleyo ndlela abe namandla amakhulu emhlabeni.
IJografi Enkathini Yanamuhla
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 kuya ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-geography yabhekana noguquko lwezindlela kanye nobuchwepheshe. Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe be-Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ngawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970 kwenza kwaba nokuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi nokunembile kwedatha ye-geography. I-GIS yashintsha indlela idatha ye-geography eqoqwa, ihlaziywe, futhi yethulwa ngayo, yaba nomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni ezifana nokuhlelwa kwedolobha, ukuphathwa kwezinsiza zemvelo , kanye nocwaningo lwezemvelo.
Umqondo we-landscape ecology, ogcizelela ukusebenzisana kwabantu nendawo abakuyo, usuyinto ebalulekile kwi-geography yanamuhla. UDavid Harvey noDoreen Massey, isibonelo, bethule imiqondo yendawo yomphakathi kanye nobulungiswa bezemvelo, bandisa ukufinyelela kwe-geography ukuze kube yimikhakha eyahlukene kakhulu.
IJografi kanye Nezinselele Zomhlaba Wonke
I-Geography namuhla ibhekene ngqo nezinselele zomhlaba wonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni, kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Izazi ze-geography zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni nasekubhekaneni nalezi zinkinga ngendlela ehlanganisa idatha yendawo, ulwazi lwendawo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesayensi.
Isibonelo, ucwaningo ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ludinga ukuqonda okujulile ngokuthi izinguquko zomkhathi womhlaba wonke zithinta kanjani imvelo yendawo kanye nemiphakathi yabantu. Izazi zejografi nazo zihilelekile kumaphrojekthi afana nokunciphisa izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukuhlela amadolobha okusimeme, kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwabangela ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi kanye nokunyakaza kwabantu, okudinga ukuhlaziywa kwendawo ngomthelela wabo ezindaweni lapho bevela khona nalapho beya khona. Indawo, ngamathuluzi ayo kanye nezindlela zayo, isebenza njengomgogodla wokuqonda lezi zimo kanye nokwakha izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo.
Isiphetho
Umlando wentuthuko yejografi uhambo olude olubonisa ilukuluku lomuntu ngomhlaba obazungezile. Kusukela kumamephu alula aseBhabhiloni kuya ezinhlelweni zolwazi lwejografi zanamuhla eziyinkimbinkimbi , ijografi iye yathuthuka kakhulu endleleni yokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa.
I-Geography ayinikezi nje kuphela ukuqonda indawo ezungezile kodwa futhi inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekusebenzisaneni kwabantu nendawo nendawo. Ekubhekaneni nezinselele zomhlaba zanamuhla, kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekukhuleni kwedolobha, igalelo le-geography libaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni izixazululo eziphelele nezisimeme.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-geography akubonisi nje kuphela intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nendlela yokusebenza, kodwa futhi nokuqonda okujulile kobudlelwano obuguquguqukayo phakathi koMhlaba nabakhileyo kuwo. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya enkathini yanamuhla , i-geography iye yaqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuguquka, yaba enye yezifundo ezifanele kakhulu nezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla.
