Ithiyori ye-Plate Tectonic kuJografi
I-Pendahuluan
I-Geography iwukufunda ngoMhlaba, okuhlanganisa izenzakalo zemvelo kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu nendawo ezungezile. Enye yezinkolelo-mbono ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-physical geography yi-theory ye-plate tectonics. Le mbono ihlinzeka ngencazelo ephelele ye-dynamics yobuso boMhlaba, eshintsha njalo ngenxa yokuhamba kwamapuleti akha ungqimba loMhlaba. Lesi sihloko sizochaza imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-plate tectonics theory, umlando wokuthuthuka kwayo, izinhlobo zemingcele yamapuleti, izindlela zokuhamba, kanye nomthelela wayo kwi-geography kanye nokuphila eMhlabeni.
Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwethiyori Ye-Plate Tectonic
Inkolelo-mbono ye-plate tectonics iwukuthuthukiswa kwenkolelo-mbono yokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi, eyaphakanyiswa okokuqala ngu- Alfred Wegener ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. UWegener waphakamisa ukuthi amazwekazi anamuhla ekuqaleni ayeyingxenye yezwekazi elilodwa elaziwa ngokuthi iPangea. Leli zwekazi elinamandla laqala ukuqhekeka futhi izingxenye zalo zakhukhuleka. Nakuba lo mbono wawukhanga, uWegener wayengenakukwazi ukuchaza izindlela ezabangela ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi, futhi inkolelo-mbono yakhe yayingamukelwa kabanzi ngaleso sikhathi.
Kwaze kwaba ngawo-1960 lapho ubufakazi obuvela emikhakheni eyahlukene, njenge-geophysics, i-oceanography, kanye ne-paleontology, baqala ukusekela umqondo wokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi. Ngakho-ke, kwavela inkolelo-mbono ye-plate tectonics, ihlanganisa lokhu okutholwe okubalulekile. Ucwaningo lwembule ukuthi ungqimba loMhlaba luqukethe amapuleti amaningana amakhulu namancane ahamba phezu kwengqimba ewuketshezi ngaphakathi koMhlaba eyaziwa ngokuthi i-asthenosphere.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yethiyori Ye-Plate Tectonic
Ithiyori ye-plate tectonics ichaza ukuthi ungqimba loMhlaba (i-lithosphere) luhlukaniswe ngamapuleti amaningi ahamba njalo. I-lithosphere inezinhlobo ezimbili zongqimba: ungqimba olukhulu kodwa olulula lwezwekazi, kanye nongqimba oluncane kodwa oluqinile lolwandle. Le lithosphere intanta phezu kwe-asthenosphere eshisayo nethambile.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemingcele yamapuleti lapho amapuleti e-tectonic ehlangana khona: imingcele ehlukene, imingcele ehlanganayo, kanye nemingcele eguqukayo. Uhlobo ngalunye lomngcele lunezici ezihlukile ze-geological kanye nezenzakalo zemvelo.
1. Umngcele Ohlukile
Emingceleni ehlukene, amapuleti ayasuka komunye nomunye. Lesi simo sivame ukutholakala phansi kolwandle ngesimo semibundu ephakathi kolwandle. Kulezi zibundu, i-magma evela ku-asthenosphere ikhuphukela phezulu, yakha uqweqwe olusha lolwandle. Isibonelo esidumile kakhulu yi-Mid-Atlantic Ridge e-Atlantic Ocean. Umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba kuvamile kule ndawo.
2. Umngcele Oguqukayo
Emingceleni ehlanganayo, amapuleti ayasondelana futhi angabhekana nezinhlobo ezintathu zokusebenzisana: ukugudluzwa, ukungqubuzana, noma ukugudluzwa. Ezindaweni ezigudluzwayo, ipuleti lolwandle eliminyene licwila ngaphansi kwepuleti lezwekazi. Lokhu kusebenzisana kungabangela umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla, njengoba kubonakala ku-Pacific Ring of Fire. Ezindaweni ezigudluzwayo, amapuleti amabili ezwekazi ahlangana, okudala izintaba, njengezintaba zaseHimalaya, eziqhubeka nokukhula ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwamapuleti ase-Indo-Australian kanye nase-Eurasia. Ezindaweni ezigudluzwayo, izingxenye zoqweqwe lolwandle ziyaphakanyiswa futhi zibekwe phezu koqweqwe lolwandlekazi, yize lokhu kungavamile.
3. Imikhawulo Yokuguqula
Emingceleni yokuguqula, amapuleti ahamba ngokuvundlile edlula komunye nomunye. Lokhu kuhamba akuholeli ekwakhekeni noma ekubhujisweni kwamapuleti, kodwa kuvame ukubangela ukuzamazama komhlaba. Isibonelo esaziwayo somngcele wokuguqula yiSan Andreas Fault eCalifornia, lapho amapuleti asePacific nawaseNyakatho Melika eshelelana khona.
Indlela Yokunyakaza Kwepuleti
Ukwakheka, ukunyakaza, kanye nokubhujiswa kwamapuleti e-tectonic kuqhutshwa ukushisa kwangaphakathi koMhlaba, okuvela emsebenzini wemisebe ngaphakathi kwenhliziyo yoMhlaba. Kukholelwa ukuthi izindlela eziningana eziyinhloko zithonya ukunyakaza kwamapuleti, okuhlanganisa imisinga ye-convection, ukuhudula kwamapuleti, kanye nokujikijela kwe-ridge.
1. Imisinga Yokushintshana Kwezibani
Ngaphakathi kwe-asthenosphere, ukushisa okuvela enkabeni yoMhlaba kubangela ukuthi izinto ezishisayo zikhuphuke futhi izinto ezipholile zicwile ngendlela yokujikeleza eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-convection currents. La ma-convection currents asebenza njengamabhande athutha amapuleti e-lithospheric ngaphezu kwawo.
2. Ukudonsa Ipuleti
Ipuleti lolwandle elidonsayo lizodonsa ngemuva kwepuleti ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ipuleti lokudonsa. Ngenxa yokuthi ipuleti lolwandle lisinda kakhulu, lizocwila lingene ku-asthenosphere, lidonse lonke ipuleti ngalo.
3. I-Ridge Thrust
Emingceleni ehlukene, izinto ezintsha eziphuma ku-asthenosphere zisunduza amapuleti ngezindlela eziphambene enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-ridge thrusting. Ukucindezela okuvela ku-magma ekhuphukayo kubangela ukuthi amapuleti aqhume ahlukane.
Umthelela We-Plate Tectonics KuJografi Nasekuphileni
Imfundiso ye-plate tectonics ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuqondeni kwethu i-geography kanye ne-geology yoMhlaba. Umsebenzi emingceleni ye-tectonic plate udlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni indawo yoMhlaba, ekudaleni izindawo ezintsha, nasekuthonyeni isimo sezulu kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zezinto eziphilayo ezindaweni ezahlukene.
1. Ukwakheka Kwendawo
Umsebenzi we-tectonic we-plate unesibopho sokudalwa kwezintaba , ama-plateau, izigodi zomfula, kanye nezizinda zolwandle. Isibonelo, ama-Himalaya akheka ngenxa yokushayisana phakathi kwama-plate ase-Indo-Australia kanye nama-Eurasia. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izigodi ezinkulu zomfula njenge-Great Rift Valley eMpumalanga Afrika zakheka njengoba ama-plate ayehlukana emingceleni ehlukene.
2. Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Nokuqhuma Kwezintaba-mlilo
Ezindaweni eziseduze nemingcele yamapuleti, njengePacific Ring of Fire, ukuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo kuyizinto ezivamile. Lo msebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba awushintshi nje kuphela ubuso boMhlaba kodwa futhi unomthelela omkhulu kubantu abahlala kulezi zindawo ezisengozini yezinhlekelele.
3. Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Ukuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic nakho kubumba isimo sezulu kanye nezindawo zemvelo, okuyizona ezibangela ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Njengoba amazwekazi ehamba, athwala izitshalo nezilwane ezijwayele izindawo ezintsha, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshiswe inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibonelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo kwezwekazi lase-Australia kuye kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezihlukile ezingatholakali kwenye indawo.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori ye-plate tectonics ingumqondo obalulekile kwezezwe, ichaza izenzakalo eziningi zemvelo ezenzeka ebusweni boMhlaba. Kusukela ekwakhekeni kwezintaba kuya ekuzamazameni komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, ukunyakaza kwama-tectonic plates kunomthelela omkhulu kwezezwe, kwezezwe, kanye nokuphila eMhlabeni. Ukuqonda izindlela zalezi zinyakazo zama-plate kusisiza siqonde kangcono ukuguquguquka koMhlaba futhi sinciphise izinhlekelele zemvelo ezibangelwa yizo. Ngokuqhubeka nokujulisa isifundo sethu sale thiyori, singaba nolwazi oluthe xaxa ekuhleleni intuthuko kanye nokulondoloza imvelo yezizukulwane ezizayo.
