Inqubo Yokwakhiwa Komchamo Yizinso
Izinso ziyizitho ezibalulekile emzimbeni womuntu ezidlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lokukhipha uketshezi emzimbeni. Wonke umuntu unezinso ezimbili ezitholakala kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zomgogodla ongezansi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezinso ukuhlunga igazi, ukususa izinto ezingadingekile, nokugcina ibhalansi yoketshezi kanye ne-electrolyte emzimbeni. Omunye wemikhiqizo yokugcina yalo msebenzi wezinso umchamo.
Umchamo ukhiqizwa ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela izigaba eziningana. Inqubo yokwakheka komchamo wezinso inezinyathelo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuhlunga kwe-glomerular, ukumuncwa kabusha kwe-tubular, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-tubular.
Ukuhlunga kwe-Glomerular
Inqubo yokwakheka komchamo iqala ku-glomerulus, etholakala ekuqaleni kwe-nephron ngayinye. I-nephron iyiyunithi yokusebenza kwezinso, futhi izinso ngayinye iqukethe ama-nephron angaba yisigidi. I-glomerulus iqoqo lama-capillary egazi azungezwe yi-capsule kaBowman. Ukwakheka komchamo kuqala ku-glomerulus, okubandakanya ukuhluzwa kwegazi ezindongeni zama-capillary ezingenela kancane.
Umfutho wegazi ophezulu ku-glomerulus uphoqa amanzi kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane ngokusebenzisa izindonga ze-capillary ziye ku-capsule kaBowman, kuyilapho amangqamuzana egazi namaprotheni amakhulu engakwazi ukudlula futhi ahlale egazini. Umphumela walolu hlelo lokuhlunga uketshezi olwaziwa ngokuthi i-glomerular filtrate, olungahlukile kakhulu ku-plasma yegazi kodwa olungenawo amaprotheni namaseli egazi.
Ukumuncwa kabusha kwe-Tubular
Isigaba sesibili ekwakhekeni komchamo ukubuyiselwa kwe-tubular, okwenzeka lapho i-glomerular filtrate ihamba ngama-renal tubules, aqukethe i-proximal tubule, i-loop ye-Henle, i-distal tubule, kanye ne-collecting duct.
– I-Proximal Tubule:
Ukumuncwa kabusha kwezinto eziningi ezidingwa ngumzimba kwenzeka ku-proximal tubule. Cishe ama-65% amanzi, ama-ion e-sodium, i-calcium, i-potassium, ama-amino acid, kanye ne-glucose ekhona ku-glomerular filtrate aphinde amuncwa ngezinqubo ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi zibuyele egazini nge-peritubular capillaries.
- I-Loop yeHenle:
I-loop ye-Henle idlala indima ebalulekile ekugxilweni komchamo. Ilungu elihlayo le-loop ye-Henle lingena kakhulu emanzini, okuvumela amanzi ukuthi adlule esuka ku-filtrate aye ku-hypertonic renal medulla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ilunga elinyukayo le-loop ye-Henle alingeni emanzini kodwa lithutha ngenkuthalo ama-ion e-sodium ne-chloride aphume ku-filtrate.
– I-Distal Tubule kanye ne-Collecting Duct:
Ku-distal tubule kanye ne-collecting duct, ama-hormone afana ne-aldosterone kanye nama-hormone e-antidiuretic adlala indima ekulawuleni ukumuncwa kabusha kwe-sodium namanzi okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kuvumela umzimba ukuthi uhlangabezane nezidingo zawo zokulinganisela, okuhlanganisa nokulawula ivolumu kanye ne-osmolarity yoketshezi lomzimba wonke.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwe-Tubular
Isigaba sokugcina ekwakhekeni komchamo ukukhishwa kwezicubu. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izinto ezingafuneki noma ezidlulele egazini, njenge-hydrogen ions, i-potassium ions, i-creatinine, kanye nemithi ethile, zikhishwa zingene emathunjini nge-peritubular capillaries. Lokhu kukhishwa kubalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-acid-base kanye nokuhambisa izinto ezinobuthi egazini ziye esihlungini ukuze zikhishwe emzimbeni.
Ukulawulwa Komthamo Womchamo Nokwakheka Kwawo
Izinso azidlali indima ekwakhekeni komchamo kuphela kodwa futhi zilawula umthamo wawo ngokwezidingo zomzimba. Lokhu kulawulwa ngezindlela ezahlukene zamahomoni, njenge:
– I-Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Le hormone ikhulisa ukungena komgudu wokuqoqa amanzi ukuze amanzi amaningi amuncwe abuyele egazini futhi inciphise umthamo womchamo.
– I-Aldosterone:
Le hormone yandisa ukumuncwa kabusha kwe-sodium ku-distal tubule kanye ne-collecting duct, okubangela ukwanda kokumuncwa kabusha kwamanzi angasebenzi, ukwandisa umthamo wegazi kanye nokwehla komthamo womchamo.
– I-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP):
Le hormone ikhishwa yinhliziyo uma umthamo wegazi uphezulu kakhulu futhi isebenza ukunciphisa ukumuncwa kabusha kwe-sodium ezinso, okubangela ukuthi kukhishwe i-sodium eningi namanzi, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umthamo wegazi futhi kwandiswe umthamo womchamo.
Ukukhishwa Komchamo
Ngemva kokuhluzwa, ukumuncwa kabusha, kanye nokukhishelwa, uketshezi olusele kuma-renal tubules lugcina luguqulwa lube umchamo. Umchamo ube usugeleza usuka emigudwini eqoqayo uye e-renal pelvis, bese udlula kuma-ureter ukuze ugcinwe esinyeni. Uma isinyi sesigcwele, kuthunyelwa isignali ebuchosheni ukuze kuvuse isifiso sokuchama, bese umchamo ukhishwa emzimbeni nge-urethra.
Isiphetho
Izinso ziyizitho ezibalulekile ekugcineni i-homeostasis yomzimba ngokwakhiwa komchamo. Ukuhlunga kwe-glomerular, ukumuncwa kabusha kwe-tubular, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-tubular yizinyathelo ezintathu eziyinhloko ezihilelekile kule nqubo. Ngalezi zinqubo, izinso ziqinisekisa ukuqedwa kwemikhiqizo engcolile ye-metabolic futhi zigcina ibhalansi yoketshezi, i-electrolyte, kanye ne-acid-base yomzimba. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kunikeza ukuqonda ngokubaluleka kwempilo yezinso ekugcineni ibhalansi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinye izitho.
