Isakhiwo kanye Nomsebenzi Wezindlala Ze-Adrenal
I-Pendahuluan
Izindlala ze-adrenal, ezaziwa nangokuthi izindlala ze-suprarenal, ziyizindlala ze-endocrine ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni imisebenzi eyahlukene yomzimba. Njengoba zitholakala ngaphezu kwezinso, lezi zindlala zakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-adrenal cortex kanye ne-adrenal medulla. Ingxenye ngayinye inomsebenzi ohlukile futhi ikhiqiza ama-hormone ahlukene. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wezindlala ze-adrenal ngokujulile.
Isakhiwo se-Adrenal Gland
Izindlala ze-adrenal zakhiwe ngezingqimba ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-adrenal cortex, etholakala ngaphandle, kanye ne-adrenal medulla, etholakala ngaphakathi.
1. I-Adrenal Cortex
I-cortex inezingqimba ezintathu:
– I-Zona Glomerulosa: Ingqimba engaphandle ekhiqiza ama-hormone e-mineralocorticoid, njenge-aldosterone. Le hormone ilawula ibhalansi yamanzi nosawoti emzimbeni, okubalulekile ekuqineni komfutho wegazi.
– I-Zona Fasciculata: Ungqimba oluphakathi lukhiqiza ama-glucocorticoids, njenge-cortisol. I-Cortisol iyi-hormone yokucindezeleka eyinhloko esiza umzimba ukuthi uphendule ekucindezelekeni futhi ilawule i-metabolism yamaprotheni, amafutha, kanye nama-carbohydrate.
– I-Zona Reticularis: Ungqimba olujulile lwe-cortex olukhiqiza ama-androgen, ama-hormone ocansi adlala indima ekuthuthukisweni kwezici zobulili zesibili.
2. I-Adrenal Medulla
Le ngxenye yendlala i-adrenal ikhiqiza ama-catecholamine, njenge-adrenaline kanye ne-noradrenaline. Lawa ma-hormone akhishwa ngenxa yokucindezeleka noma usongo lomzimba, okwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi impendulo 'yokulwa noma yokubaleka'.
Umsebenzi Wezindlala Ze-Adrenal
Izindlala ze-adrenal zikhiqiza ama-hormone ahlukahlukene athinta cishe zonke izitho nezicubu emzimbeni. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yama-hormone akhiqizwa yizindlala ze-adrenal ifaka:
1. Ukulawulwa Kwe-Metabolic
I-adrenal cortex ikhiqiza ama-hormone e-glucocorticoid, ikakhulukazi i-cortisol, edlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, namafutha. I-Cortisol isiza ukuphakamisa amazinga kashukela egazini ngokuvuselela ukukhiqizwa kwe-glucose esibindini kanye nokuphula amaprotheni ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-amino acid angasetshenziswa amandla.
2. Ukulawulwa Komfutho Wegazi
I-Aldosterone, ekhiqizwa yi-zona glomerulosa, idlala indima ekugcineni ibhalansi ye-sodium ne-potassium emzimbeni ngokusiza izinso ukuthi zigcine i-sodium futhi zikhiphe i-potassium. Lokhu kubalulekile ekulawuleni umthamo wegazi kanye nomfutho wegazi. Ukungalingani kwamazinga e-aldosterone kungaholela ezimweni ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme noma umfutho wegazi ophansi.
3. Ukusabela Ekucindezelekeni
I-Adrenaline kanye ne-noradrenaline, ezikhiqizwa yi-adrenal medulla, yizona hormone ezimbili eziyinhloko ezihilelekile empendulweni yokulwa noma yokubaleka. Ezimweni zokucindezeleka noma ingozi, lawa ma-hormone andisa ukushaya kwenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi, kanye nokugeleza kwegazi kuya emisipheni emikhulu, kanye nokusheshisa ukuphefumula futhi ahlanganise amandla avela ezitolo zamafutha kanye ne-glycogen.
4. Ukulawulwa Komsebenzi Wokuzivikela Emzimbeni
I-Cortisol futhi inemiphumela yokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye nokucindezela amasosha omzimba, okwenza ibaluleke kakhulu ekusabeleni komzimba ekuvuvukeni nasezinkingeni zokuzivikela komzimba. I-Cortisol ingacindezela umsebenzi wamaseli athile omzimba, isize ekunciphiseni ukuvuvukala, futhi iguqule impendulo yamasosha omzimba.
5. Ukulawulwa Kwemisebenzi Yokuzala Neyocansi
Ama-Androgen akhiqizwa yi-reticular zone ye-adrenal cortex, njenge-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), adlala indima ekuthuthukisweni kwezici zocansi zesibili futhi athonya isifiso sobulili kokubili kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ngesikhathi sokuthomba, ama-androgen asiza ekuthuthukisweni kwezitho zokuzala zesilisa kanye nokuvuthwa kwesidoda.
Izinkinga Zezindlala Ze-Adrenal
Ukungalingani kwama-hormone akhiqizwa yizindlala ze-adrenal kungabangela izinkinga ezahlukene zempilo. Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zifaka:
1. Isifo sika-Addison
Isifo sika-Addison yisimo lapho i-adrenal cortex ingakhiqizi khona ama-hormone e-corticosteroid anele. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ubuthakathaka bemisipha, ukwehla kwesisindo, umfutho wegazi ophansi, kanye nokwanda kwesikhumba. Lesi sifo sivame ukubangelwa ukulimala kwe-autoimmune kuma-adrenal glands.
2. Isifo sikaCushing
I-Cushing's syndrome yenzeka ngenxa yokukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwe-cortisol. Ingabangelwa isimila se-pituitary (esibizwa ngokuthi isifo sikaCushing) noma isimila se-adrenal. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukukhuluphala okuphakathi, ubuso obuyindilinga, ukuncipha kwemilenze, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, kanye namazinga aphezulu kashukela egazini.
3. I-Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Lesi simo sibangelwa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okuholela ekukhiqizweni ngokweqile noma ekukhiqizweni okungaphansi kwehomoni yizindlala ze-adrenal, okungaholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwamanye amahomoni. Isibonelo, ukuntuleka kwe-enzyme edingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwe-cortisol kungabangela ukukhiqizwa kwe-androgen ngokweqile.
4. I-Pheochromocytoma
I-Pheochromocytoma iyisimila esiku-adrenal medulla esikhiqiza inani elikhulu le-adrenaline kanye ne-noradrenaline. Lesi simo sibangela umfutho wegazi ophakeme kanye nezinye izimpawu ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, kanye nokujuluka ngokweqile.
Isiphetho
Izindlala ze-adrenal ziyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu ye-endocrine yomuntu, zidlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini eyahlukahlukene yomzimba, okuhlanganisa ukulawula i-metabolism, umfutho wegazi, impendulo yokucindezeleka, kanye nokusebenza komzimba. Ukulimala noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwezindlala ze-adrenal kungaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni yomuntu. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wezindlala ze-adrenal kubalulekile emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ekuxilongweni nasekwelapheni izifo ezihlobene nalezi zindlala.
