Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokufunda Okusekelwe Enkingeni
Ukufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni (i-PBL) kuyindlela entsha yokufundisa ephonsela abafundi inselelo yokufunda ngokuzibandakanya ezinkingeni zangempela. Le ndlela yokufundisa ithole ukuqashelwa okukhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi emfundweni yezokwelapha kanye nobunjiniyela, ngenxa yokugcizelela kwayo ukucabanga okubucayi, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nokufunda okuziqondisayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zokufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni, sihlole imvelaphi, izindlela, kanye nezinzuzo ezinikeza abafundi kanye nabafundisi.
Imvelaphi Yokufunda Okusekelwe Enkingeni
I-PBL yaqala esikoleni sezokwelapha eMcMaster University eCanada ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Imfundo yendabuko esekelwe ezifundweni yayinganele ekulungiseleleni abafundi bezokwelapha izimo zezokwelapha zangempela. Abafundisi baseMcMaster babekholelwa ukuthi uma abafundi beqeqeshwa ukucabanga ngokujulile nokuxazulula izinkinga ngokuzimela, bazoba ochwepheshe abangcono. Ngakho-ke, i-PBL yazalwa, eyenzelwe ukulingisa ubunzima kanye nokungaqiniseki abafundi abazobhekana nakho emisebenzini yabo yobungcweti.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokufunda Okusekelwe Enkingeni
1. Ukufunda Okugxile Kubafundi: I-PBL ishintsha ukugxila kusuka ekufundiseni okuholwa nguthisha kuya ekufundeni okugxile kubafundi. Abafundi badlala indima ebalulekile emfundweni yabo, beqhuba inqubo yabo yokufunda ngokubona lokho okudingeka bakwazi nokuthi bangaluthola kanjani lolo lwazi. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza ukuzimela nokuzikhuthaza.
2. Inkinga Njengesisusa Sokufunda: Ku-PBL, izinkinga zomhlaba wangempela zisebenza njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokufunda. Lezi zinkinga ngokuvamile azihlelekile kahle, okusho ukuthi azinazo impendulo eyodwa efanele kodwa zinezixazululo eziningi ezingaba khona. Lokhu kungaqondakali kukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi bahlole imibono ehlukahlukene futhi bacabange ngobuhlakani.
3. Ukufunda Ngokubambisana: Abafundi basebenza ngamaqembu amancane ukuxazulula izinkinga. Le ndawo yokubambisana ibavumela ukuthi babelane ngemibono, baxoxisane ngemibono ehlukene, futhi bafunde komunye nomunye. Iphinde ilingise izimo zobungcweti zomhlaba wangempela lapho ukusebenza ngokubambisana nokuxhumana kubalulekile khona.
4. Indima Yomgqugquzeli: Ku-PBL, othisha basebenza njengabagqugquzeli kunokuba babe ngabafundisi bendabuko. Indima yabo ukuqondisa abafundi enkambisweni yokufunda ngokubuza imibuzo yokuphenya, ukunikeza impendulo, nokusiza ukugcina iqembu ligxile. Abagqugquzeli bakhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacabange ngokujulile nangokugxeka ngaphandle kokunikeza izimpendulo eziqondile.
5. Ukufunda Okuziqondisayo: Uphawu lwe-PBL ukuthi abafundi kumele bathathe umthwalo wemfanelo wokufunda kwabo. Babona izikhala zolwazi lwabo, bafuna izinsiza, futhi bafunde ngokuzimela noma ngamaqembu. Lesi simiso silungiselela abafundi ukufunda impilo yonke, ikhono elibalulekile kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi.
6. Ukuhlanganiswa Kolwazi Namakhono: I-PBL ihilela ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi oluvela emikhakheni eyahlukene. Isibonelo, ukuxazulula icala lezokwelapha kungadinga ukuqonda i-physiology, i-pharmacology, ukuziphatha, kanye namakhono okuxhumana. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuqonda okuphelele kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa ulwazi ngokoqobo.
Indlela Yokufunda Okusekelwe Enkingeni
Inqubo ye-PBL ivame ukulandela ifomethi ehlelekile, yize ingashintshwa ukuze ivumelane nezimo zemfundo ezahlukene. Nasi uhlaka olujwayelekile:
1. Isingeniso Senkinga: Abafundi banikezwa isimo senkinga. Le nkinga kufanele ibe efanele futhi ibe yinselele, ikhuthaze abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele ngokugcwele.
2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinkinga: Abafundi baxoxa ngenkinga njengeqembu, bekhomba lokho asebekwazi kakade, lokho okudingeka bakufunde, kanye nendlela yokuxazulula inkinga. Lesi sinyathelo sihilela ukucabanga ngengqondo kanye nokucabangela.
3. Izinjongo Zokufunda: Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kokuqala, abafundi bakha izinjongo zokufunda ezithile. Lezi zinjongo ziqondisa ucwaningo lwabo kanye nokufunda kwabo esigabeni esilandelayo.
4. Ucwaningo Oluzimele: Abafundi ngabanye noma ngamaqembu amancane bafuna ulwazi, izinsiza, kanye nezixazululo ezihlobene nezinhloso zokufunda. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukufunda izincwadi, amaphepha ezemfundo, izinsiza eziku-inthanethi, noma ukubonisana nochwepheshe.
5. Ukuhlanganiswa Nokusetshenziswa: Iqembu linquma ukwabelana ngokutholakele, ukuhlanganisa ulwazi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ngokubambisana izixazululo zenkinga. Lesi sinyathelo sidinga ukuhlaziywa okubucayi kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi kumongo wenkinga.
6. Ukuzindla kanye Nempendulo: Okokugcina, abafundi bacabanga ngalokho abakufundile nokuthi bakufunde kanjani. Umsizi unikeza impendulo kokubili kokuqukethwe kanye nenqubo yeqembu, esiza abafundi ukuthi bathuthukise amasu abo okufunda ezinkingeni zesikhathi esizayo.
Izinzuzo Zokufunda Okusekelwe Enkingeni
I-PBL inikeza izinzuzo eziningi kunezindlela zokufundisa zendabuko:
1. Ukucabanga Okujulile Okuthuthukisiwe: Ngokuzibandakanya nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, zangempela, abafundi bathuthukisa amakhono okucabanga okujulile namakhono okuhlaziya. Bafunda ukuhlola ubufakazi, bacabangele izixazululo eziningi, futhi benze izinqumo ezinengqondo.
2. Amakhono Athuthukisiwe Okuxazulula Izinkinga: I-PBL ifaka abafundi ezinqubweni zokuxazulula izinkinga, ibasize ukuthuthukisa amasu asebenzayo abangawasebenzisa empilweni yabo yobungcweti.
3. Ukugcinwa Okukhulu Kolwazi: Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abafundi bagcina ulwazi kangcono uma behlanganyela ngenkuthalo nokwaziswa futhi bebona ukubaluleka kwako, ngokungafani nokufunda ngekhanda ngaphandle kokwenza lutho.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamakhono Athambile: Ukusebenza ngamaqembu kuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana, ukubambisana, kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano. Lawa makhono athambile abalulekile empumelelweni kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi.
5. Amakhono Okufunda Impilo Yonke: I-PBL ikhuthaza ukuzimela nokufunda okuziqondisayo, ilungiselela abafundi ukuqhubeka nokufunda nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kukho konke ukuphila kwabo.
6. Ukuqonda Okuxubile: Ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi oluvela emikhakheni eyahlukene, abafundi bathuthukisa ukuqonda okubanzi nokungokoqobo kwezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Izinselelo Nokucatshangelwa
Nakuba i-PBL inezinzuzo eziningi, iphinde iveze izinselele:
1. Ukuthola Izinsiza Eziningi: I-PBL ingaba usizo olukhulu, idinga isikhathi esiningi nomzamo omkhulu kubafundi nakubasizi. Kungadinga futhi ukufinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinsiza zokufunda.
2. Ubunzima Bokuhlola: Izindlela zokuhlola zendabuko njengezivivinyo zingase zingalingani kahle amakhono athuthukiswe nge-PBL. Othisha kudingeka basebenzise ezinye izindlela zokuhlola, njengokuhlola kontanga, amajenali okuzindla, kanye nokuhlola okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi.
3. Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabaqondisi: Othisha kumele baqeqeshwe ukuze basize ngempumelelo kunokuba bafundise, okungadinga ushintsho endleleni yokucabanga kanye nesitayela sokufundisa.
Isiphetho
Ukufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni kumelela ushintsho olunamandla oluvela kumamodeli emfundo yendabuko luye endleleni enamandla kakhulu, egxile kubafundi. Ngokugxila ezinkingeni zomhlaba wangempela, ukukhuthaza ukubambisana, nokukhuthaza ukufunda okuqondiswe nguwe, i-PBL ihlomisa abafundi ngamakhono nolwazi abaludingayo ukuze bachume empilweni yabo yobungcweti. Nakuba ibangela izinselelo ezithile, izinzuzo ze-PBL - okuhlanganisa ukucabanga okujulile okuthuthukisiwe, amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga, namakhono okufunda impilo yonke - kuyenza ibe isu lemfundo eliwusizo. Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka nokuguquka, nezindlela zethu zemfundo, kanye nokufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni kufanele zinikeze uhlaka oluqinile lokulungiselela abafundi ubunzima bezwe lanamuhla.
