Mefuta ea Li-Chromosomes: Motheo oa Biology ea Liphatsa tsa Lefutso
Li-chromosome ke dibopeho tse nyenyane tse fumanehang ka hare ho disele tse bolokang tlhahisoleseding ya lefutso e hlokahalang bakeng sa kgolo, ntshetsopele le tshebetso ya diphedi. Thutong ya baeloji, di-chromosome di bapala karolo ya bohlokwa mme e bile ke tsona tse ithutwang haholo lefapheng la diphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho utlwisisa di-chromosome ho bolela ho teba puong ya motheo ya bophelo. Sengoloa sena se tla bua ka mefuta e fapaneng ya di-chromosome, mesebetsi ya tsona le bohlokwa ba tsona ho diphedi.
Tlhaloso le Sebopeho sa Li-chromosome
Seleng e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea eukaryotic, li-chromosome li fumaneha ka har'a nucleus. Li-chromosome li entsoe ka DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) le liprotheine tse bitsoang histones. DNA e na le tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e hlophisitsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka sebopeho se hlophisitsoeng haholoanyane, DNA e telele e kopantsoe ka thata ka har'a li-chromosome, e li lumellang ho lekana ka har'a nucleus ea sele.
Ha lisele li ntse li itokisetsa ho arohana, li-chromosome li ba tsa bohlokoa. Lia ikatisa, ho netefatsa hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e fumana sete e felletseng ea li-chromosome. Ho batho, mohlala, ho na le lipara tse 23 tsa li-chromosome, tse etsang kakaretso ea li-chromosome tse 46. Para ka 'ngoe e na le chromosome e le 'ngoe e futsitsoeng ho 'm'ae le e 'ngoe ho ntate.
Mefuta ea Li-Chromosome tse Thehiloeng Boemong ba Centromere
Li-chromosome li ka aroloa ho latela boemo ba centromere, e leng ntlha eo chromosome e arohanang ka matsoho a mabeli. Maemo a fapaneng a centromere a ama sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea chromosome. Mona ke mefuta e meng ea li-chromosome ho latela boemo ba centromere:
1. Metacentric
Li-chromosome tse metacentric li na le centromere e batlang e le bohareng, kahoo matsoho a p le q a batla a lekana ka bolelele. Li-chromosome tsena li bonahala li bōpehile joaloka "V" tlas'a microscope nakong ea karohano ea sele.
2. Karolo e ka tlase ho lefatshe
Li-chromosome tse ka tlas'a karolo e ka hare ea 'mele, centromere ha e fumanehe bohareng, empa e suthisetsoa hanyane ka lehlakoreng le leng, e leng se etsang hore letsoho le leng le be lelelele ho feta le leng. Li-chromosome tsena li bonahala li bōpehile joaloka "L".
3. Acrocentric
Mofuta ona o na le centromere e haufi haholo le pheletso ea chromosome, e leng se fellang ka letsoho le le leng le lelelele haholo le letsoho le le leng le lekhutšoanyane haholo. Ho se leka-lekane hona hangata ho ama tsela eo liphatsa tsa lefutso li hlahisoang ka eona.
4. Telocentric
Li-chromosome tsa telocentric li na le centromere ea tsona qetellong ea chromosome, e hlahisang letsoho le le leng feela. Ho batho, li-chromosome tsa telocentric ha li fumanehe, empa li fumaneha mefuteng e meng.
Mefuta ea Li-Chromosome tse Thehiloeng Mosebetsing
Ntle le ho itshetleha ka boemo ba centromere, di-chromosome di ka boela tsa arolwa ho latela mosebetsi wa tsona sebopuweng:
1. Li-chromosome tsa Autosomal
Li-chromosome tsa autosomal li etsa lipara tse 22 tsa pele tsa li-chromosome tsa motho. Ha li amehe ho khethoeng ha bong ba motho, empa li na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fapaneng tse laolang mesebetsi e fapaneng ea baeloji. Lintho tse sa tloaelehang kapa liphetoho li-chromosome tsena li ka lebisa mafung a lefutso a futsitsoeng.
2. Li-chromosome tsa thobalano
Li-chromosome tsa thobalano ke para ea bo-23 ea li-chromosome ho batho, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho fumana bong. Batho ba na le mefuta e 'meli ea li-chromosome tsa thobalano: X le Y. Basali hangata ba na le li-chromosome tse peli tsa X (XX), ha banna ba na le chromosome e le 'ngoe ea X le e le 'ngoe ea Y (XY). Boteng kapa ho se be teng ha chromosome ea Y ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano.
Liphetoho tsa Chromosome le Liphetoho
Liphetoho, kapa diphetoho sebopehong sa chromosome, di ka etsahala, tse ka bang le ditlamorao tse kgolo hodima ntho e phelang. Ho na le mefuta e mmalwa ya diphetoho tse kgolo tsa chromosome:
1. Ho hlakoloa (Tahlehelo)
E etsahala ha karolo ea chromosome e lahleha kapa e hlakoloa, e leng se ka fellang ka tahlehelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa bohlokoa.
2. Ho kopitsa
E etsahala ha karolo ea chromosome e ipheta-pheta, e leng se etsang hore e hlahe ka makhetlo a fetang a le mong ho genome.
3. Phetoho
Likarolo tsa chromosome lia khelosoa ebe li kenngoa hape ka har'a chromosome, e leng se ka sitisang tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso sebakeng seo.
4. Ho fallisoa
Phapanyetsano ea likarolo pakeng tsa li-chromosome tse seng tsa homologous. Sena se ka baka liphetoho tse kholo tokisetsong ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng se lebisang ho mafu kapa mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso.
5. Aneuploidy
Boemo boo ho bona lisele li nang le palo e sa tloaelehang ea li-chromosome. Mohlala, Down syndrome e bakoa ke boteng ba kopi e eketsehileng ea chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
Lithuto tsa Chromosome tsa Bongaka le Lipatlisiso
Thuto ea li-chromosome e butse menyetla e mengata ea bongaka le liphatsa tsa lefutso. Tlhahlobo ea li-chromosome, eo e 'ngoe ea tsona e etsoang ka mokhoa o tsejoang e le karyotyping, e kenyelletsa ho daea li-chromosome le ho li khetholla bakeng sa mathata a sebopeho kapa a ts'ebetso.
Hangata tlhahlobo ea pele ho lesea e etsoa ho lemoha ho se tloaelehe ha chromosome ka popelong, joalo ka trisomy 21, ho theha mehato ea pele ea thibelo. Lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li boetse li kenyelletsa thuto ea liphetoho tsa chromosome kankereng. Kankere hangata e tsamaea le liphetoho tsa li-chromosome, tse ka amang tsela eo lefu lena le tsamaeang ka eona kapa karabelo ea mokuli kalafong.
Qetello
Li-chromosome li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lefa la liphatsa tsa lefutso le ts'ebetso ea lintho tse phelang. Ho utloisisa mefuta ea li-chromosome, ka bobeli mabapi le sebopeho le ts'ebetso, ho fana ka temohisiso e tebileng ka baeloji ea limolek'hule le liphatsa tsa lefutso. Li-chromosome ha li bohlokoa feela bakeng sa bafuputsi le bo-rasaense empa hape le bakeng sa ba amehang tlhokomelong ea bophelo, kaha tsebo ena e ka sebelisoa ho hlahlobeng le kalafong ea mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea theknoloji le lipatlisiso, tsebo ea rona ea li-chromosome le tšusumetso ea tsona bophelong e tla tsoela pele ho hola, e bula monyako oa bokamoso ba bongaka bo ikhethileng le bo sebetsang haholoanyane.
