DNA le Liphatsa tsa lefutso: Motheo oa Bophelo
Lefatšeng la baeloji, mohlomong ha ho na likarolo tsa bohlokoa le tse bohlokoa ho feta DNA le liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka bobeli ke linotlolo tsa ho notlolla kutloisiso ea rona ea hore na lintho tse phelang li hola joang, li sebetsa joang le ho iphetola joang. Leha ho le joalo, ho li utloisisa, re tlameha ho qala ka ho teba karolong ka 'ngoe le likamano lipakeng tsa tsona.
DNA ke eng?
DNA, kapa deoxyribonucleic acid, ke molek'hule e bolokang litaelo tsa lefutso tse hlokahalang bakeng sa nts'etsopele, kholo, ts'ebetso le ho ikatisa ha lintho tsohle tse phelang le likokoana-hloko tse ngata. Sebopeho sa eona ke helix e habeli e tšoanang le lere le sothehileng, moo 'li-rung' li entsoeng ka lipara tsa metheo ea naetrojene: adenine (A) e nang le thymine (T) le cytosine (C) e nang le guanine (G).
Limolek'hule tsa DNA li hlophisitsoe ka li-chromosome, tse fumanoang ka har'a khubu ea sele. Ka mohlala, liseleng tsa motho, ho na le lipara tse 23 tsa li-chromosome, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse likete. DNA e na le tlhahisoleseling eohle ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, e fetisetsoang ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong.
Karolo ea Liphatsa tsa Lefutso ho DNA
Jini ke karolo e itseng ea DNA e fanang ka khoutu bakeng sa protheine e itseng. Jini ka 'ngoe e na le tatellano e itseng ea motheo e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho tataisa tlhahiso ea protheine e fapaneng, e qetellang e khetholla litšobotsi le mesebetsi ea sebopuoa.
Motho e mong le e mong o na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ka bang 20.000 ho isa ho 25.000. Liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso li sebetsa ho feta feela "buka ea litaelo" ea 'mele. Liphatsa tsa lefutso li laola ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho tloha moriring le 'mala oa mahlo ho ea ho tšekamelo ea mafu le ho pepesehela maemo a tikoloho.
Mokhoa oa ho Hlahisa Liphatsa tsa Lefutso
Ponahalo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mokhoa oo ka oona tlhahisoleseling e tsoang liphatseng tsa lefutso e sebelisoang ho kopanya lihlahisoa tse sebetsang tse kang liprotheine. Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa mehato e 'meli e meholo: phetolelo le phetolelo.
1. Phetolelo: Nakong ea phetolelo, karolo ea DNA e emelang jini e fetoloa hore e be RNA ea moromuoa (mRNA). Enzyme ea RNA polymerase e nolofalletsa ho tlamahana ha lipara tse loketseng tsa motheo, e fetola tatellano ea DNA hore e be tatellano ea RNA.
2. Phetolelo: mRNA e fetoleloa ho ba protheine ka har'a ribosome. Nakong ea phetolelo, tatellano ea motheo ka har'a mRNA e fetoleloa ho ba tatellano ea amino acid e etsang protheine. Sena se finyelloa ka thuso ea limolek'hule tsa RNA (tRNA) tse fetisetsang, tse eketsang li-amino acid tse itseng ho latela tatellano ea codon ka har'a mRNA.
Taolo ea Liphatsa tsa Lefutso
Hase liphatsa tsohle tsa lefutso tse hlahisoang ka nako e le 'ngoe kapa ka matla a tšoanang. Taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mokhoa o lumellang lisele ho arabela matšoao a kantle kapa a ka hare ka ho fetola tlhahiso ea liphatsa tse itseng tsa lefutso.
Ts'ebetso ena ea taolo e ka etsahala mekhahlelong e fapaneng, ho tloha taolong ea phetolelo le botsitso ba mRNA ho isa taolong ea kamora phetolelo. Sistimi ea taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e sebetsang hantle e lumella lisele ho hola le ho sebetsa ka katleho tikolohong e fetohang.
Liphetoho tsa DNA le Tšusumetso ea Tsona
Liphetoho tsa lefutso ke liphetoho tse etsahalang tatellanong ea motheo ea DNA. Liphetoho tsena li ka ba le liphello tse fapaneng, ho tloha ho tse sa nke lehlakore ho ea ho tse kotsi ho ea ho tse molemo. Liphetoho tse ling tse senyang li ka baka mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso, joalo ka cystic fibrosis kapa sickle cell anemia. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liphetoho tsa lefutso le tsona ke mohloli oa bohlokoa oa phapang e ka susumetsang phetoho.
Liphetoho tsa lefutso li ka bakoa ke mabaka a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa mahlaseli a kotsi, lik'hemik'hale, tšoaetso ea vaerase, kapa esita le liphoso tsa ho ikatisa ha DNA ka tšohanyetso. Lintho tse phelang li na le mekhoa ea ho lokisa DNA eo hangata e atlehang ho lokisa liphetoho tsena tsa lefutso, leha e se kamehla e sebetsang.
Theknoloji ea DNA le Gene
Tsoelo-pele theknolojing ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e entse hore ho khonehe ho fetola le ho laola DNA le liphatsa tsa lefutso ka litsela tseo pele ho neng ho sa khonehe ho li etsa. Ka mohlala, boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso bo lumella bo-rasaense ho kenya, ho hlakola, kapa ho nkela tatellano ea DNA sebaka ka har'a liphatsa tsa lefutso ho fihlela liphetho tse lakatsehang. Lintho tse phelang tse entsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso li se li ntse li sebelisoa masimong a mangata, ho tloha temong ho ea ngakeng.
Mekhoa e mecha ea ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso, joalo ka CRISPR-Cas9, e re fa mokhoa o nepahetseng le o sebetsang haholoanyane oa ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Theknoloji ena e na le tšepiso e kholo ea ho phekola mafu a fapaneng a liphatsa tsa lefutso esita le ho lokisa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse senyehileng liseleng tsa batho.
Boitšoaro le Bokamoso ba Liphatsa tsa Lefutso
Ka bokhoni bo ikhethang ba ho laola DNA le liphatsa tsa lefutso ho hlaha lipotso tsa bohlokoa tsa boitšoaro. Monyetla oa ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa batho o bula lipuisano mabapi le ntlafatso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa masea a embryo le tšusumetso ea tsona sechabeng.
Leha theknoloji ena e fana ka melemo e mengata e ka bang teng, joalo ka ho fokotsa ho ata ha mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba bophelo, re tlameha ho nahana ka hloko ka litlamorao le likotsi tsa nako e telele tse amanang le boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Kahoo, karolo ea DNA le liphatsa tsa lefutso bophelong e ke ke ea nyenyefatsoa. Jwalo ka diyuniti tsa motheo tsa lefutso le bophelo, ha di thehe feela motheo wa sebopeho sa mmele sa dintho tse phelang empa hape di susumetsa boleng ba bophelo le boiketlo ba motho ka mong. Ka dipatlisiso tse tswelang pele le boqapi, re tswela pele ho teba diphiring tsa dikarolo tsena tse pedi tse nyane, re tshepa ho bula dibopeho tse ntjha kutlwisisong ya rona ya bophelo le bokahohle.
