Dhizaini uye Zvishandiso zveWind Turbine Hub
Muhurongwa hwemhepo inotenderera, hub chinhu chakakosha chinowanzo furatirwa nekuti chinonyanya kutariswa chiri pamablades, tower, kana jenareta. Kutaura zvazviri, hub inoshanda se "mechanical heart" inobatanidza mablades e turbine kune main shaft, ichitumira aerodynamic uye gravitational loads, uye inoshandawo senzvimbo yekubatanidza michina yakasiyana-siyana yakadai se pitch system (blade angle adjustment), mabearings, uye sensors. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura misimboti yekugadzira mahubs emhepo inotenderera, zvinodiwa nemutoro zvavanofanira kutsungirira, uye sarudzo dzakajairika dzezvinhu uye kufunga nezvazvo.
1. Basa uye Nzvimbo yeHub muWind Turbine
Hub iri pamberi chaipo penacelle, ichipa kubatana kukuru pakati perotor (mablades) nedrivetrain (shaft, gearbox—kana iripo, uye jenareta). Mumaturbine emazuva ano ane mablades matatu, hub inowanzova nenzvimbo nhatu dzekuisa mablades dzakaparadzana ne120°. Mumaturbine anodzorwa nepitch, blade rega rega rinonamirwa kuhub kuburikidza nepitch bearing, zvichibvumira mablades kutenderedzwa kuti adzore kusimudza, kudzora simba, uye kudzivirira turbine mumhepo ine mhepo yakanyanyisa.
Kunze kwekunge iri chivakwa chikuru, hub iyi inoshandawo se "container" kana imba yezvikamu: ma "pitch actuators" (hydraulic kana electric), ma "lubrication systems", ma "seal", uye nzira dzetambo ne sensor. Nekuti iri kudivi rinotenderera, hub inofanira kugadzirwa kuti ive diki, yakasimba, uye inokwanisa kushanda mumamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana—kubva pakunyorova kwakanyanya, mhute yemunyu (kunze kwegungwa), tembiricha yakaderera, kusvika pakutenderera kwe "load cycles" kunoitika zviuru kusvika kumamiriyoni enguva panguva yekushanda kwe turbine.
2. Mitoro Inoshanda paHub
Kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzekuvaka hakusi nyaya yekuti "dzakakora uye dzakasimba," asi kunoda kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwemisanganiswa yemitoro yakaoma. Mitoro mikuru inosanganisira:
1. Mutoro weAerodynamic pabanga
Mhepo inogadzira masimba ekusimudza nekukweva ayo anotumirwa kuhub. Kusiyana kwekumhanya kwemhepo uye kutenderera kunokonzera kuchinja-chinja kwemitoro inoshanduka.
2. Mutoro wesimba rinokwevera pasi
Sezvo rotor ichitenderera, banga rega rega rinochinja maonero aro maererano negiravhiti, zvichiita kuti mutoro ugare uchienderera mberi pahub nepamajoini ebanga.
3. Mutoro weCentrifugal
Kutenderera kwerotor kunoita kuti simba guru re centrifugal ribude pamudzi webanga, iro rinoendeswa kuhub. Mutoro uyu unowanzo "dhonza" mapanga acho kubva pakati.
4. Kushamisika uye mutoro wakanyanya
Izvi zvinosanganisira mafungu, kumira kwechimbichimbi, kurasikirwa negrid, kana mamiriro ekudzikisa kumhanya kwemhepo. Muzviitiko izvi, hub inogona kusangana nekukwira kwakanyanya mu torque uye mitoro yekukotama.
5. Kuneta kwakanyanya
Maturbine emhepo akagadzirwa kuti ashande kwemakore 20-25, saka hub inofanira kutsungirira kutenderera kwakawanda kwemutoro. Kuneta kunowanzova chinhu chikuru mukuyerwa kwehukuru uye kusarudzwa kwezvinhu.
Nekuda kwekusanganiswa uku kwemitoro, mahub anowanzo ongororwa achishandisa nzira yekumanikidzwa kweaxial uye anosimbiswa achishandisa finite element analysis (FEA) simulations uye magadzirirwo emhando akadai seIEC 61400.
3. Pfungwa yeKugadzira Chimiro cheHub
Zvichienderana nejometri, ma hubs anogona kukamurwa kuita mhando dzakawanda:
a. Nzvimbo ine maoko matatu
Iyi ndiyo dhizaini inonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira turbine ine mablade matatu. Yakafanana nepakati pehubhu ine "maoko" matatu apo mabheyaringi anopidigurwa. Ruoko rumwe nerumwe runofanira kuramba nguva yekukotama kubva pamablades uku ruchiendeswa kupakati pehubhu panguva imwe chete.
b. Hub diki ine imba yemukati yekudzika
Mumaturbine emazuva ano, sisitimu yepitch inowanzo kuwanikwa mukati mehub kuti idzivirire kubva kunharaunda uye kuderedza kusagadzikana kweaerodynamic. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nzvimbo yemukati inofanira kunge yakakura zvakakwana pasina kukanganisa chimiro.
c. Hub ye turbine inotyaira zvakananga
Kune ma turbine asina ma gearbox, dhizaini ye drivetrain yakasiyana, zvichiita kuti kubatanidzwa kwe hub ne main bearing ne generator kuve kwakakosha zvikuru. Kunyangwe hub ichiramba iri parutivi rwe rotor, mitoro inotamisirwa ku main structure inogona kugoverwa zvakasiyana.
Mukugadzira, mainjiniya anowanzovavarira kuenzana pakati pesimba, kuomarara, huremu, uye nyore kugadzira nekugadzirisa. Huremu hwakawanda hunowedzera mutoro pamabheringi makuru uye sisitimu yeyaw, nepo huremu hushoma huchikonzera kutadza kuneta.
4. Nzvimbo Dzakakosha Mukugadzira MaHub
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzepakati dzinozivikanwa senzvimbo dzekuisa pfungwa dzakanyanya, saka dzinoda kutarisirwa kwakakosha:
– Interface pitch bearing: nzvimbo yebhoti neflange inofanira kukwanisa kutsungirira tensile-compressive uye shear loads.
– Kuchinja kubva paruoko kuenda kumuviri: kuchinja kwezvikamu zvinobatanidza mapfupa kunokonzera kushushikana kwakanyanya. Zvidimbu zveRadius uye zvinosimbisa mapfupa zvemunzvimbo yacho zvinowanzo shandiswa.
– Hubhu–main shaft interface: kubatana (semuenzaniso flange) kunofanirwa kunge kwakasimba pakurwisa torque uye nguva dzekukotama.
– Maburi, nzira dzetambo uye nzira dzekupinda mupaneru: zvinhu izvi zvakakosha pabasa, asi zvinogona kushayisa simba chimiro kana chisina kugadzirwa nemazvo.
Saka, magadzirirwo emazuva ano ehub anowanzo vimba nekugadzirwa kwechimiro chakavakirwa paFEA, kusanganisira kusarudzwa kweukobvu hwemadziro, patani yemukati membabvu, uye kuiswa kwesimba.
5. Zvinhu zveWind Turbine Hub: Sarudzo nepfungwa dzekufunga nezvadzo
Zvinhu zvehubhu zvinofanirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvinotevera: simba rakawanda, kuramba kuneta zvakanaka, kusimba kwekutsungirira zvinhu zvinorema, uye kugona kugadzirwa nguva dzose.
a. Simbi yakakandwa ine maburi (simbi yakakandwa ine maburi / simbi yegirafiti ine spheroidal)
Ichi ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira mahubhu makuru emhepo.
Superiority:
- Yakanakira maumbirwo akaomarara (ma castings) akadai sema hubs ane maoko uye maburi emukati.
- Kusanyanya kuneta kwakanakira kushandiswa kwemaumbirwo makuru.
– Mari yekugadzira inodhura zvishoma pane simbi yakakura yakagadzirwa nesimbi.
- Kuderedza simba remagetsi kupfuura simbi, zvichibatsira kuderedza simba remagetsi.
Dambudziko:
- Kudzora mhando kwakakosha: maburi, zvinhu zvinosanganisirwa, uye zvikanganiso zvemuchina zvinogona kuderedza nguva yekuneta.
– Inoda maitiro ekuongorora akasimba (NDT akadai sekuongororwa kwe ultrasound, radiography) uye kudzora maitiro ekukanda.
Muenzaniso wekirasi yezvinhu zvinoshandiswa kazhinji (zvinowanzo) imhuri yeEN-GJS (spherical graphite), iyo inosarudzwa zvichienderana nesimba rinodiwa rekudhonza uye ductility.
b. Simbi yakakandwa kana simbi yakagadzirwa
Simbi inoshandiswa kana paine simba rakawanda uye kusimba kwakakosha, kunyanya kune mamwe magadzirirwo kana mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa.
Superiority:
– Hunhu hwepamusoro hwemakanika: simba uye kusimba zvinowanzova zvakanakisa.
– "Kukanganwira" zvakanyanya kana simbi yacho yatsemuka pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu kana kunaka kwayo kwakanaka.
Dambudziko:
- Maitiro ekugadzira anodhura uye akaoma, kunyanya kune zvikamu zvikuru.
– Njodzi yekukanganiswa uye kudiwa kwekurapwa kupisa kwakasimba.
– Zvishandiso zvesimbi zvinogonawo kukanganisa mashandiro ekugadzira kana maitiro acho asina kunaka.
Mune mamwe magadzirirwo, zvimwe zvikamu zvinoshandisa simbi (semuenzaniso flanges kana kuti inserts) zvakabatana nemuviri mukuru kuti zviwane musanganiswa wakaringana wekushanda uye mutengo.
c. Zvinhu zvakasanganiswa kana kuti zvakasanganiswa (zvichiri zvishoma)
Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwezviumbwa zvemahub kuchiri kushoma nekuda kwemabearings ane mutoro wakawanda uye zvinodiwa zvakaoma zvekubatanidza michina (mabearings, mabhaudhi, maflanges). Zvisinei, tsvakiridzo yezvivakwa zvehybrid - semuenzaniso, zviumbwa zvine simbi - iri kuwedzera simba rekuderedza huremu.
Zvakanakira zvinogona kuitika:
- Kudzikiswa kukuru kwehuremu.
– Kudzivirira ngura zvakanaka (kunyanya kumahombekombe).
Chipingamupinyi:
- Matambudziko ekubatana kwemakanika uye kushushikana kwakanyanya munzvimbo yebhaudhi.
- Kusimbisa kuneta kwenguva refu kwakaoma zvikuru.
- Mari yezvinhu uye maitiro ekugadzira.
6. Kudzivirirwa Kwengura uye Kupedzisa Pamusoro
Mahubhu anoshanda panze kwemakumi emakore, saka dziviriro yengura inokosha. Inowanzoshandiswa:
– Sisitimu yekupenda ine machira (primer + intermediate + topcoat) zvichienderana nechikamu chezvakatipoteredza (onshore/offshore).
– Kuvhara majoini nenzvimbo dzakakosha kudzivirira kupinda kwemvura.
– Kudzora ngura yegalvanic kana paine musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakasiyana (semuenzaniso mabhaudhi esimbi isingasvibi ane simbi yakakandwa).
– Zvinodiwa pakuputira kunze kwegungwa zvinowanzova zvakaoma uye zvinogona kusanganiswa nekuchengetedzwa kwekathodic pane zvimwe zvikamu, kunyangwe kana hub pachayo iri pamusoro pegungwa.
Kunze kwekuora, kunaka kwenzvimbo uye kurapwa kwemajoini akasungirirwa kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kuneta. Nzvimbo dzakaomarara kana dzisina kunaka dzinogona kuva pokutangira kutsemuka.
7. Maitiro Ekugadzira uye Kuongorora Hunhu
MaHub anowanzo gadzirwa kuburikidza nekukanda zvinhu zvichiteverwa ne:
- Kurapa kupisa kuti uwane hunhu hwemakanika hwaunoda,
- Kugadzira nemazvo pamusoro pezvigaro zvemabheyaringi, maflange, uye maburi emabhoti,
- Kuenzanisa kuti rotor isakonzere kubvunda kwakanyanya,
– NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) yakaita seUT/RT/MT/PT kuti ione zvikanganiso.
Kudzora mhando yenzvimbo dzekushanda kwakakosha nekuti kutadza kushanda zvakanaka kwenzvimbo dzekushanda kunogona kuva nemigumisiro mikuru: kushanda kwenguva refu, mitengo yakakwira yekireni, uye njodzi dzekuchengetedza.
Mhedziso
Dhizaini yehub yemhepo inonzi wind turbine isanganiswa yeinjiniya yekuvaka, dynamics, kugadzira, uye nzira dzekuchengetedza kwenguva refu. Hub inofanira kutsungirira aerodynamic, gravitational, centrifugal, uye kuneta pamusoro pehuwandu hwakawanda hwema cycles, ukuwo ichiramba yakareruka zvakakwana kudzivirira kuremedza zvimwe zvese zve system. Panyaya yezvinhu, nodular cast iron ndiyo sarudzo huru nekuda kwekukodzera kwayo maumbirwo akaomarara uye hupfumi hwayo, nepo simbi yakagadzirwa kana yakagadzirwa ichifarirwa kana paine hunhu hwepamusoro hwemakanika hunodiwa. Mune ramangwana, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nehybrid uye simulation-assisted design optimization zvingangove zvakanyanya kuwanda, kunyanya kune ma turbine ane simba guru uye mashandisirwo ekunze anoda mashandiro akawanda uye kugara kwenguva refu munzvimbo dzakaoma.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera chikamu chakatsaurirwa pane: kuverenga kuri nyore kwehub load, mienzaniso yemagadzirirwo epitch system (electrical vs hydraulic), kana pfupiso yezvinodiwa zveIEC zvekugadzira hub.
