Kushanda kweWind Turbine Rotor mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana emhepo
Maturbine emhepo anoshandura simba remhepo kuita simba remagetsi kuburikidza nerotor (mashizha nehub) inotenderera shaft yejenareta. Zvisinei, mashandiro erotor haambo "gadzikiswe"; anonyanya kukanganiswa nemamiriro emhepo anochinja nekufamba kwenguva. Kumhanya kwemhepo, turbulence, kutungamira kwemhepo, huwandu hwemhepo, uye kunyange zviitiko zvakanyanya zvakaita semafungu uye vertical shear zvinosarudza kuti rotor inobata sei simba zvinobudirira, kuti inogadzira mutoro wemakanika wakawanda sei, uye kuti simba rinobuda sei rakasimba sei. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mashandiro anoita marotor emhepo pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana emhepo, pamwe chete nekugadzirwa uye kudzorwa kunoshandiswa kuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuvimbika.
Nheyo dzeKushanda kweRotor: Simba, Torque, uye Power Coefficient
Simba rinowanikwa mumhepo rinowedzera nekukurumidza nekumhanya kwemhepo. Kazhinji, simba redzidziso riri mumhepo rinoenderana necube yekumhanya kwemhepo (∝ v³). Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuwedzera kudiki kwekumhanya kwemhepo kunogona kupa simba rakakura. Rotor inobva "yabata" rimwe resimba iroro nekushanda kwemhepo, kunomiririrwa ne power coefficient (Cp). Cp value haigone kudarika muganho weBetz (inenge 59,3%) nekuti rotor haigone kubata simba rese isina kumisa kufamba kwemhepo.
Kushanda kwerotor kunoenderanawo nechiyero chekumhanya kwetip (TSR), inova chiyero chekumhanya kwetip tip nemhepo. Rotor ine TSR yakanaka kwazvo, uko kona yekurwisa blade inoita kuti pave nekusimudzwa kwakanyanya nekudhonza kushoma. Kana TSR yakaderera zvakanyanya, mapanga acho anowanzomira, zvichideredza kushanda zvakanaka. Kana TSR yakanyanya, kudhonza kunowedzera uye mutoro unowedzera, zvichideredzawo kushanda zvakanaka uye ruzha runowedzera.
Mhepo Yakaderera (Pasi Pekuchekwa): Rotor Haisati Yashanda
Kana mhepo yaderera, rotor inowanzo donha pasi pemuganhu wekucheka (kazhinji inenge 3–4 m/s mumaturbine emazuva ano). Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, simba remhepo harikwani kukunda kurasikirwa kwemakanika nemagetsi (bearing friction, rotor inertia, kurasikirwa nejenareta, uye kurasikirwa kwekudzora), saka turbine haibudisi simba rinobatsira. Kushanda kwerotor kunonetsawo kuwana TSR yakakwana nekuti kutenderera hakuna kugadzikana. Mune mamwe magadzirirwo, macontrols anobata kana kusunungura bhureki, anogadzirisa yaw, kana kushandisa nzira yekutanga yekuderedza kupera kubva pakudzimwa kazhinji.
Mumhepo ine mhepo yakadzika, dambudziko guru nderekuvandudza kugona kwekutanga uye kuchengetedza kutenderera pasina kugadzira zvinhu zvakawanda zvinotenderera. Mapazi ane ma profiles akanaka emhepo ine nhamba shoma dzeReynolds, pamwe chete nesisitimu yekudzora jenareta inokwanisa kutanga zvinyoro, zvinobatsira turbine kushanda zvinobudirira munzvimbo dzine mhepo yakadzika.
Mhepo Iri Pakati Nepakati (Dunhu rechipiri): Kubudirira Kwakanyanya
Kana kumhanya kwemhepo kuri pamusoro penguva yakatarwa asi kuchiri pasi penguva yakatarwa yemhepo, rotor inowanzo shanda mu "Dunhu rechipiri," chikamu apo chinangwa chekudzora ndechekuwedzera kubata simba. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, turbine inoshanduka-shanduka ichagadzirisa kumhanya kwerotor kuti TSR irambe iri pedyo nehukuru hwayo. Nekuchengetedza TSR yakakwana, Cp inogona kusvika pakakwirira payo, ichibvumira simba rinobviswa kuwedzera ne v³.
Panguva ino, rotor inowanzo gadzira simba "risingadhuri" zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanda zvakanaka uye mutoro wekuvaka wakaringana. Kukwira kweblade kunowanzo kuve pakona diki (kukwira kwakaderera) kuti kuwedzere kukwira kwemhepo. Kudzora torque yejenareta kunodzora kumhanya kwekutenderera: kana mhepo yakasimba, torque inoshandiswa kuchengetedza TSR yakakura.
Mhepo Yava Pedyo Nekuongororwa (Kuchinja): Simba Rakaganhurirwa, Mutoro Unowedzera
Kana mhepo yasvika pakumhanya kwakayerwa (semuenzaniso, 11–13 m/s zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwayo), turbine inopinda muchikamu chekuchinja. Kana simba rikaramba richitevera v³, jenareta nehurongwa hwemagetsi zvichapfuura kugona kwavo kwakayerwa. Nokudaro, nzira yekudzora inochinja: chinangwa chinoshanduka kubva pa "kuwedzera simba" kuenda ku "kuganhurira simba nemutoro." Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha kudzora gomba.
Rotor inokandwa (kona yebanga inowedzerwa) kuderedza kusimudza uye kudzikisa Cp, zvichiita kuti simba rekubuda rirambe rakatenderedza kukosha kwakarongwa. Kunyangwe simba remagetsi richiramba rakagadzikana, mitoro yeaerodynamic uye kuneta zvinogona kuwedzera nekuda kwekuvhunduka, kuchekwa, uye kusiyana kwenzira yemhepo. Dhizaini yebanga rinopindura, kutarisa mutoro, uye maalgorithms ekudzora pitch anodiwa kudzivirira kuzununguka kwakanyanya.
Mhepo Dzakasimba (Dunhu rechitatu): Chengetedza Simba Repamusoro uye Kuchengetedzeka
Mumhepo ine simba rinopfuura kumhanya kwemhepo kwakajairwa, turbine ine hunhu hwakasiyana: simba remagetsi rinogara rakafanana, nepo rotor ichirasikirwa nekushanda zvakanaka kwemhepo kuti ichengetedze miganhu yechimiro uye jenareta. Kukwira kwebanga kunowedzera kusvika paminhenga (kuderedza kona yekurwiswa), kuderedza kukwira. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, rotor inoshanda zvakanyanya senzira inodzorwa yakagadzirirwa "kugara yakachengeteka" pane "kuburitsa simba guru."
Mutoro uri parotor haubvi chete pahukuru hwesimba remhepo asiwo pakuchinja-chinja kwemhepo nekukurumidza. Mhepo inovhuvhuta inogona kukonzera kukwira kwesimba uye nguva dzekukotama pamashizha neshongwe. Saka, maturbine mazhinji emazuva ano ane zvinhu zvakaita sekudzora kumhanya nekukurumidza, masisitimu ekudzivirira akawandisa, uye masensa ekuona mitoro yakawandisa.
Kusagadzikana uye Gungu: Kushanda Nesimba Kuderera, Kuneta Kukwira
Maturbine maviri anoshanda neavhareji yekumhanya kwemhepo anogona kushanda zvakasiyana kana mwero wekuvhunduka ukasiyana. Kuvhunduka kunochinja kona yemhepo, zvichiita kuti kona yekurwisa yebanga ichinje, zvichiita kuti zviome kuchengetedza Cp yakakwana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kugadzirwa kwesimba kunogona kudzikira, nepo mitoro yekuneta ichikwira nekuda kwekuwanda kwemutoro.
Mafungu mapfupi, anomhanya nekumhanya kukuru (high speed gusts) akanyanya kuipa: anogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwesimba kamwe kamwe, kukonzera mhinduro dzekukurumidza dzemafungu, uye kuwedzera njodzi yekuneta mumidzi yemapanga uye drivetrain. Magadzirirwo emazuva ano anowanzo shandisa nzira ye "kuderedza mutoro", senge kudzora mafungu ega ega (IPC), iyo inogadzirisa mafungu ebanga rega rega kuti aderedze mutoro usingaenzaniswi panguva yekutenderera kwakanyanya.
Kuchinja kweMakwara Emhepo uye Kusarongeka Kwemayaw
Rotor inoshanda zvakanyanya kana yakatarisana zvakananga nemhepo. Kana yaw misalignment (angle iri pakati pemhepo ne rotor axis) ikaitika, nzvimbo inotsvairwa inoshanda inoderedzwa uye kuyerera kwemablades kunova kusina kuenzana. Mugumisiro: simba rakaderera uye mutoro wakawedzerwa, kunyanya mutoro wepadivi pa nacelle neshongwe. Sisitimu yekudzora yaw inoshanda kutenderedza nacelle kuti rotor "irambe yakakiyiwa" kuenda kumhepo, asi mhinduro ye yaw yakanyanya inogonawo kukonzera kupera uye mutoro wakawedzerwa. Nokudaro, yaw control inowanzova ne deadband (nzvimbo yekushivirira) kudzivirira kuti isagare ichifamba nekuchinja kudiki.
Mhepo Inocheka uye Yakamira: Mitoro Isina Kuenzana paMakumbo
Kucheka kwemhepo (wind shear) ndiko kuchinja kwekumhanya kwemhepo nekukwirira. Pamarotor makuru, chikamu chepamusoro cherotor chinogona kusangana nemhepo yakasimba kupfuura chikamu chezasi. Izvi zvinogadzira kupararira kwesimba risingaenzaniswi mukati mekutenderera kwebanga rimwe chete, zvichikonzera mitoro inotenderera pamashizha, hub, neshongwe. Kucheka kunokanganisawo nzira dzekudzora: pasi pemamiriro akasimba ekucheka, kudzora pitch netorque kunofanirwa kufunga nezvekukanda zvinhu kakawanda kuti zvisanyanya kuneta.
Munzvimbo dziri pedyo nepamusoro (kumahombekombe), kucheka kunowanzova kwakasimba nekuda kwekukweshana kwepamusoro uye zvipingamupinyi zvakaita semiti kana zvivakwa. Kusiyana neizvi, kumadokero kwegungwa kazhinji kune kuyerera kwakapfava uye kuchekwa kushoma, zvichiita kuti rotor ishande zvakadzikama uye igadzire simba nguva dzose.
Kuwanda kweMhepo, Tembiricha, uye Kukwira: Simba reMhepo Harina Kufanana
Pamusoro pekumhanya, huwandu hwemhepo (ρ) hunokanganisa simba riripo. Mhepo inotonhora, ine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya ine huwandu hwakawanda, zvichibvumira rotor kugadzira simba rakawanda nekumhanya kwemhepo kwakafanana. Kusiyana neizvi, pakukwirira kwakakwirira uko mhepo iri kutetepa, simba remhepo rinoshanda rinoderera. Izvi zvakakosha pakuronga nzvimbo yeturbine uye kuyera makomba emagetsi. Vashandi vanofanirwawo kufunga kuti kusiyana kwemwaka mukupisa nekumanikidzwa kunogona kuchinja kugadzirwa kwesimba kunyangwe kana nhamba dzekumhanya kwemhepo dzichiita sedzakafanana.
Mamiriro Akanyanya Uye Zvidimbu: Dziviriro Yekupedzisira
Kana mhepo yasvika padanho rekucheka (kazhinji inenge 20–25 m/s), turbine inowanzo vharwa kudzivirira kukuvara. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, mutoro weaerodynamic unogona kudarika magadzirirwo, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekukundikana. Maitiro ekudzima anosanganisira kukanda maburi panzvimbo yeminhenga, kubhureki kwerotor, uye kukiya sisitimu yeyaw. Kana mhepo yadzikira uye yagadzikana, turbine inogona kutangwazve mushure memaitiro ekuchengetedza.
Penutup
Kushanda kwerotor yemhepo inotenderera inokonzerwa nekubatana kwakaoma pakati pe blade aerodynamics, kumhanya uye kutonga kwepitch, uye hunhu hwemhepo panzvimbo. Mumhepo ine mhepo shoma, dambudziko guru nderekutanga nekuchengetedza kutenderera; mumhepo ine mwero, rotor inoshanda zvakanaka neTSR yakanaka; kumhanya kwakadarikidzwa kuri pedyo nekupfuura, chinangwa chinoshanduka kuenda kumiganhu yesimba uye kuderedza mutoro; nepo turbulence, gust, shear, uye kusarongeka kweyaw zvinogona kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka uku zvichiwedzera njodzi yekuneta kwechimiro. Nekugadzirwa kwakakodzera kwe blade, kutonga kwakanyatsogadzirwa (pitch, torque, yaw, uye kunyange pitch yega yega), uye kusarudza nzvimbo nekungwarira, rotor inogona kugadzira simba rakawanda ichitsungirira mamiriro akasiyana-siyana emhepo muhupenyu hwese hwekushanda kwe turbine.
