Mashandiro anoita Sisitimu Yekudzora Yaw muWind Turbines
Maturbine emhepo emazuva ano akagadzirwa kuti atore simba rakawanda sezvinobvira kubva kunzira inochinja uye kumhanya kwemhepo. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti rotor (blade) inogara "ichitarisana" nemhepo pakona chaiyo, turbine inoda nzira inogona kutenderedza gondola (nacelle) zvichienderana nekuchinja kwenzira yemhepo. Iyi nzira inonzi system yekudzora yaw. Muchidimbu, yaw kutenderera kweturbine yakatenderedza vertical axis, kuitira kuti rotor sweep plane irambe yakafanana nemhepo iri kuuya. Chinyorwa chino chinotaura mashandiro anoita system yekudzora yaw mumaturbine emhepo, zvikamu zvayo zvikuru, nzira dzekudzora, nematambudziko nekugadzirisa.
1. Sei Kudzora Yaw Kwakakosha?
Chinangwa chikuru chekudzora yaw ndechekuderedza kusarongeka kweyaw, musiyano uripo pakati pegwara remhepo negwara rerotor pakufamba. Kana rotor ikasarongeka nemhepo, rimwe simba remhepo "rinopfuura" neparotor risina kubatwa zvakanaka. Kukanganisa:
1. Kuderera kwesimba rinobuda. Kazhinji, kana kusarongeka zvakanaka, kudzikira kwesimba rinobuda kunowedzera.
2. Mitoro yemuumbi inowedzera. Kana mhepo ichibva parutivi, masimba emuchadenga anova asina kuenzana uye anokonzera mitoro inoshanduka pamashizha, hub, axle, uye tower.
3. Kudedera uye kukurumidza kupera. Kusarongeka zvakanaka kunogona kuwedzera kudedera uye kukurumidzisa kupera kwezvinhu zvemakanika.
Nekudzora kwakanaka kwehuku, turbine inogona kuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwayo hwekushanda.
2. Nheyo dzekutanga dzeSistimu yeYaw
Maturbine emhepo anotenderera netambo dzakatwasuka (HAWTs) anowanzo shandisa sisitimu ye "yaw" inoshanda, iyo inotenderera nacelle ichishandisa mota. Kusiyana nematurbine madiki, ayo dzimwe nguva anoshandisa muswe (vane) kuti "atevere" mhepo zvishoma nezvishoma, maturbine ane simba rekushandisa anowanzo shandisa "yaw" inoshanda nekuda kwehukuru hwe nacelle uye kudiwa kwekudzora kwakaringana.
Kana sensor ikaona shanduko mugwara remhepo, controller (PLC/SCADA controller) inoverenga kuti turbine inofanira kutenderera zvakadii. Kana kona isina kurongeka ikadarika muganhu wakati, mota ye yaw inobata magiya ari pabearing ye yaw, zvichiita kuti nacelle itenderere kusvika yaenderana.
3. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveSisitimu Yekudzora Yaw
a) Kumhanya Kwemhepo uye Sensor Yekutungamira
Pamusoro pe nacelle kazhinji pane:
– Mhepo ine jira rekuyera divi remhepo kana tichienzanisa ne nacelle.
- Anemometer yekuyera kumhanya kwemhepo.
Ruzivo urwu ndirwo runonyanya kukosha pakuona kana zvichidikanwa kugadzirisa dambudziko.
b) Kubereka Yaw
Bearing yeyaw ibheyaringi hombe, yakaita sedenderedzwa inobvumira nacelle kutenderera pashongwe. Bearing iyi inofanira kukwanisa kutsungirira mutoro wakabatana: huremu hwenacelle, rotor thrust, uye dynamic loads inokonzerwa nekuvhiringika.
c) Yaw Drive neYaw Motor
Dhiraivha yeyaw inowanzo kuve nemamota emagetsi akawanda (kazhinji anopfuura rimwe chete rekuwedzera simba) anotyaira giya repinion rine ring gear pabearing yeyaw. Mamota anogona kushanda achichinjana kana panguva imwe chete zvichienderana nedhizaini uye zvinodiwa netorque.
d) Brake yeYaw
Pamusoro pemota, kune sisitimu yekubhureka inoita kuti nacelle isatenderere zvakasununguka. Mabhureki ekuyamura akakosha kune:
– dzikamisa nzvimbo kana turbine yasvika pakona yaunoda,
– kudzivirira kufamba kudiki kunoenderera mberi (kutsvaga kuvhima),
– kubata nacelle panguva yemhepo yakati kana turbine yamira.
e) Mutongi weTurbine (Mutongi)
Mutongi anogamuchira zviratidzo zve sensor, anoshandisa control logic, uye anotumira mirairo kumamota nemabhureki. Mutongi anoshandisawo nzira dzekuchengetedza: semuenzaniso, kudzivirira yaw kana sensor ikakundikana, kana turbine iri mune mamwe maitiro, kana kana kumhanya kwemhepo kwakanyanya.
4. Turbine Inosarudza Sei Kuti Unofanira Kuyeva Rini?
Maturbine haagari achigadzirisa nguva dzese kana mhepo ikachinja zvishoma. Kana akanyanya kugadzikana, sisitimu yacho inofamba kakawanda uye inokurumidza kupera injini, giya diki riri mudhiraivha yeyaw, uye mabheringi eyaw. Saka, kutonga kweyaw kunowanzo shandisa pfungwa dze threshold (deadband) uye time delay.
a) Kukanganisa kweYaw uye Deadband
– Kukanganisa kweYaw = kuyera divi remhepo – nzvimbo ye nacelle iripo
– Deadband imhando yekutsungirira, semuenzaniso ±5° kusvika ±15° (inosiyana pakati pevagadziri nemazano ekudzora).
Kana chikanganiso cheyaw chichiri mukati me deadband, turbine inosarudza kusafamba.
b) Kunonoka Kwenguva uye Kusefa Data
Mafambiro emhepo anochinja-chinja nekuda kwekuvhiringika. Saka, data re sensor rinowanzo kuve:
- kusefa uchishandisa avhareji inofamba,
- kuongororwa kwenguva yakati (semuenzaniso masekondi 10–60),
kuitira kuti turbine isaite "ruzha" rwechinguvana.
c) Nzira yeDanho reKuyamwa
Pane kuti dzirambe dzichitenderera, maturbine anowanzo rira zvishoma nezvishoma. Dzinotenderera zvishoma, dzomira, dzoongororazve, dzozotangazve kana zvichidikanwa. Nzira iyi inobatsira kuderedza kutenderera uye kudzora mutoro wemakanika.
5. Maitiro Ekushanda Kwekudzora Yaw Zvakatevedzana
Zvinotevera ndizvo zvinoitika pakushanda kwema turbine makuru:
1. Kuyera mamiriro emhepo. Chinotenderera mhepo chinoverenga divi remhepo kana tichienzanisa ne nacelle, anemometer inoverenga kumhanya.
2. Kuverenga zvisina kururama. Mutongi anoverenga kukanganisa kwe yaw uye anoongorora kana ichidarika deadband.
3. Kutarisa mamiriro ekushanda. Sisitimu iyi inoita kuti turbine ive mumamiriro akachengeteka: hapana maalarm akakosha, mabhureki akagadzirira, mota dziripo, uye miganhu yekutenderera kwetambo yakachengeteka (yemagadzirirwo ane tambo dziri mukati meshongwe).
4. Bvisa mabhureki ekuyama (kana zvichidikanwa). Mabhureki anogona kusunungurwa kuti nacelle ifambe.
5. Kushanda kwemota yekuyamwa. Mota iyi inotenderedza nacelle ichienda kumhepo. Kumhanya kwekuyamwa kunononoka kuderedza mutoro (semuenzaniso, madhigirii mashoma pasekondi).
6. Kuvhara mabhureki uye kukiya nzvimbo. Sezvo kona yechinangwa ichiswedera, mota inomira uye mabhureki anochengetedza nacelle yakasimba.
7. Kuongorora. Sensor inoverenga zvakare kuti ione kana kukanganisa kwe yaw kwaderera. Kana zvisina kudaro, kutenderera kunodzokorora.
6. Hukama hweKudzora Yaw neKudzika uye Kudzora Simba
Kudzora hunyanzvi hwema "yaw" hakupo kwega. Muma "turbine" emazuva ano, kune zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru zvinotsigirana:
- Kudzora kukwirira: kunochinja kona yemaburi kuti itonge simba nemutoro.
- Kudzora kumhanya kwerotor: inogadzirisa kutenderera kwerotor (kuburikidza nejenareta uye converter).
- Kudzora kurova kwetsoka: kunoita kuti rotor ienderane nemhepo.
Semuenzaniso, kana mhepo ine simba guru, turbine inogona kupinda muchimiro chekuganhurira simba pane imwe pitch. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, sisitimu yeyaw inogona kugadziriswa zvakanyanya kudzivirira kuwedzera mutoro. Kusiyana neizvi, pasi pemamiriro ekugadzirwa akajairwa, yaw ichave yakashanda zvakanyanya kuti ibudirire.
7. Matambudziko Akajairika uye Matambudziko muYaw Systems
a) Kuvhima Yaw
Izvi zvinoitika kana turbine ikachinja divi rayo kakawanda nekuda kweruzha rwemhepo kana kuti bhandi diki diki. Izvi zvinoguma nekusakara kwemota, mabhureki, nemabheringi.
b) Kupfeka Yaw Bearing uye Kupfeka Gear
Nekuda kwekutakura zvinhu zvakawanda uye kufamba-famba kakawanda, kukwiza mafuta nekuongorora kwakakosha. Kusarongeka zvakanaka kwemagiya, kukwiza mafuta zvisina kunaka, kana kupinda kwezvinosvibisa zvinogona kukurumidzisa kukuvara.
c) Kukundikana kweSensor
Kana mhepo ine simba yakakuvara kana kuti anemometer isiri kuratidza kuverenga kwakarurama, turbine inogona kunge yakatarisa divi risiri iro. Maturbine mazhinji anoshandisa diagnostics uye redundancy kuona masensa asina kunaka.
d) Muganho weKutenderedza Cable
Mune mamwe magadzirirwo, tambo dzemagetsi nedzesignali dziri mukati me nacelle dzinogona kumonyoroka kana yaw ikatenderedzwa zvakanyanya kune rumwe rutivi. Saka, masisitimu ekugadzirisa twist, akadai se twist sensor uye untwist procedure, aripo kuti adzorere nacelle.
8. Kutarisira uye Maitiro Akanakisisa
Kuti hurongwa hwe yaw hushande zvakanaka, vanohushandisa vanowanzo nyorera:
- Gadzirisa sensor yekutungamira kwemhepo nguva nenguva.
- Kuongororwa kwemabhureki nemota: tembiricha, magetsi, uye mhinduro yemabhureki.
– Rovera mabheringi nemagiya emhando yeyaw zvichienderana nehurongwa hwemugadziri.
- Kuongororwa kwedata reSCADA: tarisa kuwanda kwemafambiro, nguva, uye mapatani ekukanganisa. Kuchinja kwemapatani kunogona kuratidza matambudziko ekutanga.
- Kuongorora nemaziso giya remhete, mabhaudhi, uye chimiro chenacelle.
Mhedziso
Sisitimu yekudzora yaw ndiyo yakakosha pakuchengetedza maturbine emhepo akatarisana nemhepo uye kugadzira simba zvinobudirira ukuwo achichengetedza mitoro yakachengeteka yechimiro. Ichishandisa masensa ekumhanya kwemhepo uye ekutungamirira, controller inoona kana kusarongeka kwakakura zvakakwana kugadzirisa, yobva yaisa yaw drive kuburikidza nemota uye inobatirira panzvimbo yacho nemabhureki. Maitiro akadai se deadband, signal filtering, uye yaw stepping anoshandiswa kuyera zvinangwa zviviri zvinowanzopesana: kukurumidza kupindura kune shanduko dzemhepo uye kuderedza kupera kwezvikamu. Nekuti dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakanyanya uye dzinotakura mitoro yakakura, masisitimu e yaw anoda dhizaini yakavimbika uye kugadziriswa kwakarongwa kuti dzirambe dzichishanda zvakanaka mukati mehupenyu hwadzo hwese hwekushanda.
