Nematology yekurima yemazuva ano
Agricultural nematology ibazi resainzi rinoongorora nematodes—microscopic, cylindrical honye—mumamiriro ezvinhu e agroecosystems. Mukurima kwemazuva ano, nematodes hadzichaonekwi se "zvipembenene zvisingaonekwe," asi sezvikamu zvakakosha zve ivhu: zvimwe zvinokuvadza zvirimwa, nepo zvimwe zvichibatsira sezvinhu zvinoora, zvinodya tupukanana, uye zviratidzo zvehutano hwevhu. Kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwekurima, kuongorora mamorekuru, uye nzira dzekurima dzakanyatsojeka zvakaita kuti nematology ikurumidze kukura uye iwedzere kukosha pakugadzirisa matambudziko ekubudirira, kugara kwenguva refu, uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu.
Basa rema nematode muzvirimwa zvekurima
Ivhu rine hutano inzvimbo yekugara kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira mabhakitiriya, fungi, protozoa, uye nematodes. Nematodes dzakakamurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei zvichienderana nekwavanobva chikafu. Nematodes dzinodya mabhakitiriya nefungi dzinoita basa mukutenderera kwezvinovaka muviri, dzichibatsira kuwedzera nitrogen nezvimwe zvinhu zvinotsigira kukura kwezvirimwa. Nematodes dzinodya dzimwe mhuka diki, zvichibatsira kudzikamisa nharaunda yehutachiona. Kunewo nematodes dzinodya mhuka dzose nemapoka anonzwa kusagadzikana, saka kuumbwa kwenharaunda yenematodes kunowanzo shandiswa sechiratidzo chehupenyu chemhando yevhu.
Zvisinei, avo vanonyanya kutariswa mukurima imhuka dzinodyarwa nemiti. Boka iri rine chimiro chakaita setsono—nhengo yakaita setsono—chekubaya masero emiti nekuburitsa zvinovaka muviri. Pasinei nehukuru hwadzo hudiki, kukanganisa kwadzo kwakakosha: dzinoderedza kukura kwemidzi, dzinodzivisa kutorwa kwemvura nezvinovaka muviri, dzinokonzera zviratidzo zvekushaikwa kwezvinovaka muviri, dzinowedzera kubatwa nezvimwe zvirwere, uye pakupedzisira dzinoderedza goho rezvirimwa.
Mhando dzakakosha dzema nematode mumiti inorimwa
Marudzi akasiyana-siyana emiti ine hutachiona hwemanyoka ane njodzi huru uye akapararira muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana:
1. Meloidogyne (root knot nematode): inokonzera kuzvimba (mafundo) pamidzi. Inowanzo rwisa zvirimwa zvekurima zvakaita sematomatisi, mhiripiri, eggplant, magaka, nezvimwe zvirimwa zvekurima.
2. Heterodera neGlobodera (cyst nematodes): dzinoumba ma cyst anozadzwa nemazai asingakuvadzi muvhu. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa i potato cyst nematode mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
3. Pratylenchus (root wound nematode): inokonzera maronda anouraya zvirimwa uye inokonzera hutachiona hwefungus kana mabhakitiriya, inowanzorwisa zviyo, nyemba, nezvirimwa zvekurima.
4. Radopholus (burrowing nematode): inozivikanwa nekukuvadza mabhanana, zvichikonzera kusasimba uye kusagarika zvakanaka.
5. Rotylenculus naTylenchulus: dzinoita basa guru mumiti yakawanda yegore negore, kusanganisira citrus mune dzimwe nguva.
Zviratidzo zvechirwere chenematode zvinowanzova zvisina kujeka: zvirimwa zvinotadza kukura zvakanaka, kuita yero, kuoma masikati, kukura kusina kuenzana, uye goho diki. Pasi pevhu, midzi inoita kunge ine matavi akawandisa, kuora, kukuvara, kana kuva nenduru. Nekuti zviratidzo zvakafanana nekushomeka kwezvinovaka muviri kana kushomeka kwemvura, kuongororwa kwakakodzera kwakakosha.
Kuongorora uye kutarisa: kubva pa microscopy kusvika pamaitiro emamorekuru
Nzira dzekurima dzemazuva ano dzinosimbisa kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvichibva padata. Nzira dzekare dzinoramba dzichikosha: kutorwa kwevhu nemidzi, kubviswa kwezvipembenene (semuenzaniso, kushandisa Baermann funnel, flotation-centrifugation), uye kuzivikanwa kwechimiro chemhuka uchishandisa maikorosikopu. Zvisinei, nzira dzemazuva ano dzinowedzera nzira idzi ne:
- Kuongorora mamorekuru akadai sePCR neqPCR kuti uone mhando dzemhuka nekukurumidza uye nemazvo, kusanganisira kusiyanisa mhando dzine chimiro chakafanana.
- Metabarcoding uye ongororo yenharaunda kuti pave nekusiyana kwemarudzi ezvipembenene zvevhu uye kuongorora hutano hwenzvimbo.
- Kugadzira marongero enjodzi uye sisitimu yeruzivo yakavakirwa paGIS, kusanganisa data revhu, nhoroondo yenyika, uye mhedzisiro yesampuli kuti vaone nzvimbo dzinogona kurwiswa.
– Kurima nemazvo: kuona nzvimbo dzinoratidza mhando dzemiti, kuiisa mufetereza zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kudiridza zvinoderedza kushushikana kwezvirimwa kuitira kuti zvikwanise kutsungirira zvipembenene.
Neruzivo rwakanaka, varimi nevashandi vekuwedzera vanogona kusarudza nzira dzakakodzera dzekudzora, kudzivirira matanho anodhura asi asingashande, uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Maitiro ekubatanidza kudzora (IPM) mu nematology
Nzira dzemazuva ano dzinoramba kushandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene chete. Kugadziriswa kweZvipembenene Zvakasanganiswa (IPM) kwezvipembenene zvino kwave kusimbisa musanganiswa wenzira dzekubudirira uye kuchengetedza zvirimwa.
1. Kudzivirira uye utsanana
Kudzivirira ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushanda. Mbeu nembeu hazvifanirwe kunge zvisina mafungu, kunyanya pazvinhu zvinokosha. Kuchenesa midziyo yekurima, kuderedza kufamba kwevhu kubva muminda ine utachiona, uye kushandisa nzvimbo dzakachena dzekurima muminda yezvirimwa zvese zvinobatsira. Munzvimbo dzakanyanya kusimba dzakadai sedzimba dzegreenhouse, kuchenesa nekutarisira nzvimbo dzakachena zvinhu zvakakosha.
2. Kuchinjanisa zvirimwa uye kubata zvirimwa
Kutenderera nezvirimwa zvisingagari nemiti kunogona kuderedza huwandu hwemiti ine manyoka. Zvisinei, kutenderera kunofanirwa kunge kwakavakirwa paruzivo rwemhando dzemiti ine manyoka, sezvo isiri miti yese ine mhando imwe chete yemiti ine manyoka. Zvirimwa zvinobata kana zvirimwa zvinodzvinyirira zviri kuwana mukurumbira. Semuenzaniso, mamwe marudzi eBrassica anogadzira mishonga inouraya manyoka inogona kudzvinyirira zvimwe zvipenyu zvemuvhu, kunyangwe kushanda kwayo kunoenderana nenzira yekushandisa uye mamiriro ekunze.
3. Mhando dzisingachinji uye zvinhu zvekudyara zvakanaka
Kubereka mhuka dzinodzivirira zvipembenene zvine manyoka ndiyo nheyo inokosha yekurima kwemazuva ano. Mhando dzine majini ekudzivirira zvipembenene zvine manyoka ane manyoka anogona kuderedza kurasikirwa zvakanyanya. Dambudziko riri mukugadzirisa zvipembenene zvine manyoka: kumanikidzwa kwekusarudza kunogona kugadzira mhando dzinokwanisa kukunda zvipembenene zvine manyoka. Nokudaro, nzira dzemazuva ano dzinotsigira kutenderera kwemarudzi, kushandiswa kwekudzivirira zvipembenene zvine manyoka akawanda, uye kubatanidzwa nedzimwe nzira.
4. Kutarisira ivhu nezvinhu zvipenyu
Kushandisa manyowa akakura, manyowa akaora zvakanaka, uye mulch yeorganic zvinogona kuwedzera mashandiro ehutachiona hunokonzera nematode uye kuvandudza chimiro chevhu. Ivhu rakareruka, rine organic rinotsigira midzi ine hutano, zvichiita kuti zvirimwa zvitsungirire zvipembenene. Mukati mepfungwa yekuti "hutano hwevhu," kutarisira nzvimbo dzemabhakitiriya kunowanzoonekwa sekukosha kwakaenzana nekudzora zvakananga.
5. Kudzora zvinhu zvipenyu
Kudzora zvipembenene (biocontrol) chinhu chinonyanya kutariswa mukuongorora zvipembenene zvemazuva ano. Zvinhu zvinodzivirira zvipembenene zvinosanganisira:
– Howa hweNematophagous (semuenzaniso Purpureocillium lilacinum nePochonia chlamydosporia) hunogona kurwisa mazai kana mamwe matanho ehupenyu.
– Mabhakitiriya anorwisa tupukanana akadai semamwe marudzi eBacillus nePasteuria anokanganisa kukura kwenematode kana kuderedza hutachiona hwawo.
– Utachiona hunokonzera kusasimba kwemiti hunosimbisa simba rekudzivirira midzi.
Kubudirira kwebiocontrol kunokonzerwa nemhando yechigadzirwa, nzira yekushandisa, hunyoro hwevhu, zvinhu zvakasikwa, uye kuenderana kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Kurima kwemazuva ano kunosimbisa kuyedzwa kwemumunda uye kubatanidzwa mukarenda yekurima kuti pave nemhedzisiro yakafanana.
6. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene: inonyanya kusarudza uye ine njodzi
Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yemakemikari ichiri kushandiswa, kunyanya pazvirimwa zvinokosheswa zvikuru, asi maitiro ari kuchinja achienda kune zvinosarudzwa zvakanyanya uye kushandiswa kwakanangana zvakanyanya. Nheyo yemazuva ano ndeyekuti "sezvinodiwa": kushandiswa kwakavakirwa pamiganho yehupfumi, mhedzisiro yekuongorora, uye mamapu ekugoverwa. Izvi zvinoderedza mitengo, masara, uye kukanganisa zvisikwa zvisiri izvo.
7. Tekinoroji yekurima: solarization, biofumigation, uye dzimba dzakachengetedzwa
Munzvimbo dzinopisa dzine chiedza chakawanda, kupiswa kwezuva (kufukidza ivhu nepurasitiki inoonekera kuti kuwedzere tembiricha) kunogona kuderedza huwandu hwezvirwere zvevhu, kusanganisira zvipembenene. Kupiswa kwemhepo kunoshandisa kuora kwezvimwe zvinhu zvemuvhu, izvo zvinogadzira makemikari anodzvinyirira zvipembenene. Munzvimbo dzinodziya, kutonga tembiricha nehunyoro, pamwe nekushandisa nzira dzekurima dzisina simba dzine zvinovaka muviri zvinodzorwa, chimwe chezvikamu zvehurongwa hwekudzivisa zvipembenene.
Nematodes sezviratidzo zvehutano hwevhu
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinoitwa nematology yemazuva ano kushandiswa kwenematodes senzira dzekuongorora ecosystem. Zviratidzo zvakaita seMaturity Index kana chimiro chetrophic chenematodes zvinogona kuratidza kana ivhu rakakanganiswa zvakanyanya, risina kunaka mune organic matter, kana kuti rakagadzikana uye rakapfuma mune biodiversity. Saka, nematodes haisi "vavengi vezvirimwa" chete asiwo "vanoongorora zvipenyu" pakuongorora kubudirira kwemaitiro ekuchengetedza ivhu.
Matambudziko nemirairo yeramangwana
Kurima kunotarisana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kuwedzera kwevhu, uye kumanikidzwa kwemusika kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwakasimba. Zvese izvi zvinokanganisa mashandiro ezvipembenene zvemanyoka. Kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukurumidzisa kutenderera kwehupenyu hwezvimwe zvipembenene uye kuwedzera huwandu hwazvo hwehutachiona. Masisitimu ekurima chimwe chete uye kurima gore rose zvinopa mikana yekuti zvipembenene zvirambe zviripo zvisina kukanganiswa. Kune rumwe rutivi, matekinoroji matsva ari kuvhura mikana: kutevedzana kwemajini, kutevedzera mamiriro ekunze, uye kukura kwemarudzi anodzivirira kuburikidza nenzira dzemazuva ano dzekuberekesa uye dzemajini.
Nzira yeramangwana yekuongorora nematology yekurima ndeyekubatanidza nharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana: agronomy, ivhu rezvisikwa, sainzi yedata, uye kubereka zvirimwa. Chinangwa hachisi chekungodzvinyirira huwandu hwemanyoka, asi kuvaka agroecosystems dzakagadzikana uye dzinobereka zvibereko.
Penutup
Nyanzvi yezvekurima yemazuva ano inodzidzisa kuti kutonga kwezvipembenene zvemanyoka hakugone kugadziriswa ne "mushonga" mumwe chete. Zvinoda kunzwisisa biology yezvipembenene zvemanyoka, kuongororwa kwakarurama, uye nzira yakabatana inosanganisa kudzivirira, kutenderera, mhando dzinotsungirira, hutano hwevhu, uye biocontrol. Nenzira iyi, varimi vanogona kuderedza kurasikirwa kwegoho, kuchengetedza mhando yevhu, uye kuwana goho rinogara kwenguva refu. Munguva yekurima kwakarurama uye zvinodiwa zvisina njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza, nematology haisisiri munda wekunze, asi hwaro hwakakosha hwekutarisira hutano hwevhu uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu.
