Utachiona hwezvirimwa zvekurima
Kudzidziswa kwebhakitiriya rezvirimwa zvekurima ibazi resainzi rinoongorora mabhakitiriya ane chekuita nezvirimwa zvakarimwa, sezvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwere uye semabhakitiriya anobatsira anotsigira kukura nekubudirira. Muhurongwa hwemazuva ano hwekurima, kunzwisisa bhakitiriya rezvirimwa kuri kuwedzera kukosha nekuti kunogona kubatsira varimi nevanoita zvekurima kutarisira hutano hwezvirimwa nemazvo, kuderedza kuvimba nemakemikari, uye kuwedzera goho rezvirimwa nenzira inochengetedza nharaunda. Mabhakitiriya aripo munenge chikamu chese che agroecosystem - muvhu, mumvura yekudiridza, pamusoro pemashizha, mumiti, uye kunyange mumidzi - uye anoshanda nesimba nezvirimwa nezvimwe zvipembenene.
Basa remabhakitiriya muzvinhu zvekurima
Muminda yekurima, mabhakitiriya anoshanda senzira huru yekudzoreredza zvinovaka muviri. Anobatsira mukuora kwezvinhu zvipenyu, kuora zvasara zvemiti, uye kushandura zvinhu zvakaita senitrogen, phosphorus, nesarufa kuita mafomu anogona kutorwa nemiti. Kune rumwe rutivi, mamwe mabhakitiriya anogonawo kuva utachiona, kurwisa tishu dzemiti, kukonzera zviratidzo zvezvirwere, kuderedza kunaka kwegoho, uye kutokonzera kutadza kwezvirimwa. Nokudaro, hutachiona hwezvirimwa zvekurima hunotarisa kwete chete pakuzivikanwa kwebhakitiriya asiwo pakunzwisisa hukama hwebhakitiriya nemiti nenzvimbo uye nzira dzekuzvidzora.
Mabhakitiriya anokonzera utachiona mumiti: hunhu uye mienzaniso
Mabhakitiriya anokonzera hutachiona mabhakitiriya anokwanisa kutapurira zvirimwa uye kukonzera zvirwere. Kutapurirana kunowanzoitika kuburikidza nemaronda emagetsi, stomata, hydathodes, kana maburi echisikigo ari muchirimwa. Mamiriro ekunze akadai sehunyoro hwakawanda, mvura, mafashamo, uye mamwe matembiricha anowanzo kurumidzisa kupararira kwezvirwere zvebhakitiriya.
Mamwe mapoka akajairika emabhakitiriya anokonzera zvirwere zvezvirimwa anosanganisira:
1. Xanthomonas spp.
Boka iri rinozivikanwa nekukonzera mavanga emashizha, mavanga, uye kuora kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita semupunga, mhiripiri, matomatisi, uye citrus. Muenzaniso iXanthomonas oryzae, iyo inokonzera mabhakitiriya emashizha emupunga, chirwere chakakosha chinogona kuderedza kugadzirwa kwemupunga zvakanyanya.
2. Siringa yePseudomonas
Utachiona uhwu hunowanzo kukonzera mavanga emashizha uye mavanga edzinde muzvirimwa zvekurima zvirimwa nemichero. Hunorarama pamusoro pemashizha uye hunokura zvakanaka munzvimbo dzine hunyoro.
3. Ralstonia solanacearum
Chirwere chebacterial wilt chinokonzera kuti zvirimwa zvakaita sematomatisi, chili, mbatatisi, uye eggplant zvikure muvhu. Utachiona uhwu hunogara muvhu uye hunorwisa midzi, hwobva hwavhara tsinga dze xylem, zvichiita kuti chirimwa chiome kunyangwe ivhu rakanyorova zvakakwana.
4. Erwinia/Pectobacterium spp.
Inozivikanwa nekukonzera kuora kwakapfava mumiriwo nemidzi yakaita sembatatisi, makarotsi, nekabheji. Mabhakitiriya aya anogadzira enzyme inonzi pectinase, iyo inonyungudutsa madziro emasero, zvichiita kuti nyama ive yakapfava uye ine mvura.
Zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvebhakitiriya mumiti zvinogona kusanganisira mavanga emashizha akanyorova mumvura, mashizha anotsvuka, mavanga edzinde, kuora kunhuwa, uye kusvava kamwe kamwe. Kuongorora chirwere nemazvo kwakakosha nekuti zviratidzo zvebhakitiriya zvinowanzo fanana nezvirwere zvefungus kana zvirwere zvemuviri.
Mabhakitiriya anobatsira: vabatsiri vezvirimwa
Haasi mabhakitiriya ese anokuvadza. Mabhakitiriya mazhinji anoshanda se "mabhakitiriya anobatsira" anotsigira kukura kwezvirimwa, anowedzera kuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri, uye anodzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuzvirwere. Mabhakitiriya aya anobatsira anowanzo kuwanikwa murhizosphere (nzvimbo yakakomberedza midzi), endophytes (mukati menyama yemiti), kana pamusoro pemashizha.
Mamwe mabasa ebhakitiriya anobatsira anosanganisira:
1. Kugadzika kwenitrogen
Mabhakitiriya akadai seRhizobium anogadzira hukama hwekubatsirana nezvirimwa zvembeu (soya, nzungu, nebhinzi dzemung) kuti vagadzire mapundu emidzi. Mumapundu aya, nitrogen yemumhepo inoshandurwa kuita ammonia, iyo inobatsira chirimwa. Pamusoro pezvo, mabhakitiriya anorarama ari ega akadai seAzotobacter neAzospirillum anogonawo kugadzirisa nitrogen pasina kugadzira mapundu.
2. Zvinonyungudutsa zvephosphate (mabhakitiriya anonyungudutsa phosphate, PSB)
Phosphorus inowanzo batanidzwa muchimiro chinonetsa kunyudzwa nemiti. Mabhakitiriya anonyungudutsa phosphate akadai saBacillus naPseudomonas anogona kugadzira organic acids kana ma enzymes anonyungudutsa phosphate, zvichiita kuti iwanikwe zvakanyanya.
3. Kugadzirwa kwehomoni yekukura
Mamwe mabhakitiriya anogadzira mahormone akadai seauxins (IAA), gibberellins, uye cytokinins izvo zvinogona kukurudzira kukura kwemidzi uye kuwedzera kunwa kwezvinovaka muviri.
4. Kudzora utachiona kubva kuzvirwere zvinotapukira
Mabhakitiriya anorwisa utachiona anogona kudzvinyirira utachiona kuburikidza nekukwikwidzana kwenzvimbo nezvinovaka muviri, kugadzira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kugadzira siderophore (simbi-binding), kana kutanga kwekusagona kudzivirira muviri mumiti. Mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira Bacillus subtilis naPseudomonas fluorescens.
Kudyidzana kwebhakitiriya nemiti nenzvimbo yakapoteredza
Kudyidzana kwemabhakitiriya nemiti kunonyanya kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze uye maitiro ekurima. Zvinhu zvakaita se pH yevhu, huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasikwa, hunyoro, tembiricha, masisitimu ekudiridza, uye kushandiswa kwefetereza nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvinogona kukanganisa kuumbwa kwemapoka emabhakitiriya. Semuenzaniso, kushandisa fetereza yenitrogen zvakanyanya kunogona kuderedza kuvimba kwechirimwa nemabhakitiriya anogadzirisa nitrogen, nepo kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kunogona kudzvinyirira tupukanana tunobatsira.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunewo mhedzisiro yakakura. Kukwira kwekupisa uye maranho emvura asingachinji zvinogona kuwedzera kupararira kwezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuwedzera mukana wekupararira kwezvirwere zvebhakitiriya. Nokudaro, kutarisira zvakatipoteredza kunotarisa ivhu nezvirimwa zvidiki inzira yakakosha mukurima mune ramangwana.
Nzira dzekuziva nekuongorora mabhakitiriya emiti
Mukuongorora mabhakitiriya ezvirimwa, kuongororwa kwakarurama kwakakosha kuti utongi hubudirire. Nzira dzekuziva dzinogona kuva dzechinyakare uye dzemazuva ano:
- Kuparadzanisa uye kukudziridza mabhakitiriya pa agar media kuti vaone chimiro chemukoko, ruvara, uye mwero wekukura.
– Kuongororwa kwemakemikari emuviri, senge bvunzo yeGram, oxidase, catalase, kana kuviriswa kweshuga kuti kuonekwe mapoka emabhakitiriya.
– Kuongororwa kwezvirwere (Koch's postulates) kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti mabhakitiriya acho anokonzera chirwere zvechokwadi.
- Maitiro ekuongorora mamorekuru akadai sePCR, DNA sequencing, uye kuzivikanwa kwemajini e16S rRNA kuti zvive nyore kwazvo.
– Serology (ELISA) kuti ionekwe nekukurumidza murabhoritari.
Kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwemamorekuru kunoita kuti zvionekwe nekukurumidza uye zvakarurama, kunyangwe zviratidzo zvisati zvaonekwa, zvichibvumira kudzora nekukurumidza.
Maitiro ekudzivirira zvirwere zvebhakitiriya mumiti
Kudzora zvirwere zvemabhakitiriya kunoda nzira yakabatana nekuti mabhakitiriya anowanzo kuoma kudzora nekushandisa mishonga yefungicide yechinyakare. Dzimwe nzira dzinoshandiswa dzinosanganisira:
1. Mbeu dzine hutano uye dzakachena
Utachiona hwakawanda hunotakurwa nembeu kana zvasara zvezvirimwa. Kushandisa mbeu dzakasimbiswa uye kuchenesa michina yekurima kunogona kuderedza manyuko emushonga unouraya utachiona.
2. Kuchinjanisa zvirimwa
Kuchinjana kwezvirimwa zvisingabatsirwi nezvirimwa kunobatsira kuderedza huwandu hwemabhakitiriya anokonzera hutachiona muvhu, kunyanya kune hutachiona hunobva muvhu hwakadai seRalstonia.
3. Kutarisira mvura nekudhonza mvura
Mvura isingamire nemapombi zvinokurumidzisa kupararira kwemvura. Nzira dzekudiridza nemadonhwe uye nzira dzakanaka dzekubuditsa mvura zvinogona kudzvinyirira kukura kwezvirwere.
4. Mhando dzisingachinji
Kushandiswa kwemarudzi ane majini anodzivirira utachiona hwakasiyana-siyana idanho rinoshanda uye rinochengetedza mari.
5. Zvinhu zvinogadzira zvipenyu uye zvinoshandisa biofertilizers
Kushandisa mabhakitiriya anorwisa zvirimwa semishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye mishonga inorwisa utachiona kuti ivandudze hutano hwevhu isarudzo isingakuvadzi nharaunda.
6. Mishonga inouraya utachiona yakagadzirwa nemhangura kana mimwe mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya
Kushandiswa kwemakemikari kunoda kungwarira nekuda kwenjodzi yekusagona kurwisa utachiona uye kukanganisa nharaunda. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mukurima iri kuramba ichirambidzwa munyika dzakawanda.
Mikana yehutachiona mukurima kunochengetedza nharaunda
Mune ramangwana, hutachiona hwezvirimwa huchabatanidzwa zvakanyanya nepfungwa dze microbiome nekurima kwakanyatsojeka. Tsvagiridzo pamusoro penharaunda dzezvipembenene zvevhu inogona kubatsira kugadzira "microbiome engineering" nekuwedzera mubatanidzwa wemabhakitiriya anobatsira, kudzvinyirira hutachiona, uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwefetereza. Zvitsva zvakaita se biofertilizers, biostimulants dzinobva kubhakitiriya, uye matekinoroji ekukurumidza kuona zvirwere zvichatsigira kugadzirwa kwechikafu kwakasimba pakati pematambudziko ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuparadzwa kwevhu.
Pakupedzisira, hutachiona hwezvirimwa zvekurima hunodzidzisa kuti hutano hwezvirimwa hunoonekwa kwete chete nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana nefetereza, asiwo nekuenzana kwehutachiona hwakakomberedza. Nekunzwisisa kwakakodzera, mabhakitiriya anogona kuva vavengi vanofanira kudzorwa uye vanobatsirana kuti vatarisirwe. Kutarisira mabhakitiriya nokuchenjera zvinoreva kutarisira hwaro hwehupenyu hwevhu uye kubereka kurima kwakasimba.
