Zvipenyu zveZvipembenene nezvirwere zvezvirimwa
Ecology yezvipenyu nezvirwere zvezvirimwa ibazi resainzi rinoongorora hukama huripo pakati pezvipenyu zvinokanganisa zvirimwa—zvakaita sezvipembenene, masora, nematodes, fungi, mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye phytoplasmas—nenzvimbo dzazvo, pamwe nekudyidzana kwazvo nemiti inodyarwa nevavengi vayo. Maitiro ekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza anosimbisa kuti kubuda kwezvipembenene kana kubuda kwezvirwere hazviitiki netsaona, asi zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwakaoma: shanduko mumamiriro ekunze, maitiro ekurima, kusiyana-siyana kwemarudzi mumunda, uye kufamba kwezvipenyu kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Kunzwisisa zvakatipoteredza zvezvipembenene nezvirwere kunobatsira varimi nevashandi vekurima kugadzira nzira dzekudzivirira dzinoshanda, dzisingadhuri, uye dzine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza.
Pfungwa huru dzezve ecology mu agroecosystems
Zvirimwa i agroecosystems, ecosystems yakagadzirwa nemaune nevanhu kuti vagadzire chikafu, chikafu, kana zvimwe zvinhu. Kusiyana ne ecosystems dzechisikigo, idzo dzinowanzova nekusiyana-siyana, masisitimu mazhinji ekurima emazuva ano anowanzo shandisa monocultures uye kutevera kufanana kwemarudzi akasiyana. Izvi zvinogona kugadzira "zviwanikwa" zvakawanda uye zvakafanana zvezvipembenene nezvirwere. Kana chirimwa chimwe chete chinokanganisa nzvimbo yakakura, zvipembenene nezvirwere zvine mukana wekuwanda nekukurumidza nekuti chikafu chinoramba chiripo uye zvipingamupinyi zvezvakatipoteredza zvinoderedzwa.
Panyaya yezvakatipoteredza, huwandu hwezvipembenene nehutachiona hunokanganiswa nezvinhu zvipenyu (zvirimwa zvinogara, makwikwi, mhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka, tupukanana tunorwisa zvipembenene) uye zvinhu zvisina hutachiona (tembiricha, hunyoro, mvura inonaya, mhepo, chiedza, pH yevhu, uye huwandu hwezvinovaka muviri). Kudyidzana kwezvinhu izvi kunosarudza kana huwandu hwezvipembenene huchiramba hwakaderera kana kuti huchikura kusvika pakupararira kwezvirwere.
Kuwanda kwezvipembenene: kubva kuvanhu kusvika pakupararira kwezvirwere
Zvipembenene zvine mararamiro ehupenyu uye kugona kubereka kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nenzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, tembiricha inosarudza mwero wekukura kwemazai kuita mabundu, mapopoma, uye makuru. Pamwe chete tembiricha, zvipembenene zvinogona kupedza hupenyu hwazvo nekukurumidza, zvichiwedzera huwandu hwezvizvarwa pamwaka. Mvura uye hunyoro zvinoitawo basa: mvura yakawanda inogona kuderedza huwandu hwezvimwe zvipembenene zvidiki nekuzvisukurudza, asi hunyoro hwakawanda hunogona kubatsira kuti zvimwe zvipembenene zvirarame kana kukurudzira kuwanda kwefungus dzinokonzera zvipembenene.
Kuwanikwa kwezvirimwa zvidiki, zvinokurumidza kupararira kwakakosha. Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinoda nyama diki nekuda kwekudya kwadzo kwakawanda uye dziviriro yezvirimwa zvisingakuri. Maitiro ekudyara asingawanzoitiki anogona kupa "zambuko regirini," kuwanikwa kwemhuka nguva dzose kunobvumira zvipembenene kurarama uye kufamba kubva pane imwe kudyara kuenda kune imwe pasina kukanganiswa. Kusiyana neizvi, kudyara pamwe chete uye kutenderera kwezvirimwa zvinogona kukanganisa hupenyu hwezvipembenene.
Uyezve, kusangana nevavengi vechisikigo kwakakosha mukudzikamisa huwandu hwezvipembenene. Zvikara (semuenzaniso, zvikwekwe zvemadandemutande, zvikwekwe), zvikwekwe zvemaparasitoid (semuenzaniso, mago), uye zvipembenene zvinotapukira (semuenzaniso, Beauveria kana Metarhizium) zvinogona kudzvinyirira huwandu hwezvipembenene. Zvisinei, kana paine matambudziko, akadai sekushandisa kakawanda mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, vavengi vechisikigo vanowanzotanga vaderera, zvichikonzera kudzoka kwezvipembenene (kuonekwazve nehuwandu hwakawanda) kana kutotanga kubuda kwezvipembenene.
Zvekugara kwezvirwere zvezvirimwa: mativi matatu ezvirwere uye kutenderera kwehutachiona
Muzvirwere zvezvirimwa, pfungwa huru ndeyetriangle yezvirwere: chirwere chinoitika kana paine kusangana panguva imwe chete pakati pechinhu chinotapukira, utachiona hune simba, nenzvimbo yakanaka. Kana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chisipo, huwandu hwezvirwere huchava hwakaderera. Semuenzaniso, utachiona hunogona kunge huripo asi mamiriro ekunze akaoma haafadzi hutachiona hwefungus; kana kuti nharaunda inogona kunge yakanaka asi mhando yezvirimwa ine simba rekudzivirira chirwere ichi, zvichidzivirira kukura kwechirwere ichi.
Utachiona hwezvirimwa hune nzira dzakasiyana dzekupona nekuparadzira. Mafungus anogona kugadzira spores dzinotakurwa nemhepo kana kupfapfaidzwa nemvura, nepo mabhakitiriya achiwanzopararira kuburikidza nemaronda, mvura yekudiridza, kana zvishandiso zvekurima. Mavhairasi nema phytoplasmas anowanzoda kuti zvipembenene zvakaita se aphids, leafhoppers, kana mites zvifambe pakati pezvirimwa. Utachiona hwakawanda hunogona kurarama pazvisaririra zvezvirimwa, ivhu, mbeu, kana dzimwe sora. Nokudaro, kucheneswa kwevhu, kuchengetedza zvisaririra, uye mbeu dzine hutano zvinhu zvakakosha pakuchengetedza nharaunda.
Kutenderera kwechirwere kunowanzova neinoculum (nzvimbo inokonzeresa utachiona), kupararira, hutachiona, kupinda mumapoka, uye kugadzirwa kweinoculum itsva. Kana mamiriro ekunze akanaka, kutenderera uku kunodzokorora nekukurumidza, zvichikonzera denda rezvirwere. Hunyoro hwakawanda pamashizha uye kunyorova kwenguva refu pamashizha zvinowanzo kukonzera zvirwere zvefungus zvakaita se leaf blight kana powdery mildew, nepo mamwe matembiricha anodziya achikurumidzisa kukura kwemamwe mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi nekuwedzera mashandiro evector.
Basa rezvakatipoteredza nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunowedzera kuomarara kwezvipembenene nezvirwere munharaunda. Kukwira kwekupisa kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hwezvipembenene kusvika kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kana nzvimbo dzaitonhora zvakanyanya kare. Mwaka wemvura unochinja-chinja unogona kuchinja maitiro ekubuda kwezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nehunyoro. Kunyangwe kuwanda kweCO₂ kunogona kukanganisa kunaka kwematishu emiti, semuenzaniso, nekuchinja chiyero checarbon-nitrogen, zvingangokanganisa zvinodiwa nezvipembenene pakudya uye maitiro ekudzivirira zvirimwa.
Mamiriro ekunze akaipisisa—mafashamo, kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu, mhepo ine simba—zvinogona kukanganisa zvirimwa uye kugadzira nzvimbo dzekupinda kwezvirwere kuburikidza nemaronda, zvichimanikidza varimi kuchinja maitiro ekurima. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza, kugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kunofanirwa kunge kwakavakirwa pakutarisa kwakanaka uye masisitimu ekuyambira nekukurumidza kuona kuti matanho ekudzora aitwa nenguva.
Nzvimbo dzekurima, kusiyana-siyana uye mhedzisiro yadzo
Kukura kwenzvimbo kunoita basa guru. Kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa maruva, nzvimbo dzinogara zvirimwa, maruva, kana nzvimbo dzine miti yechisikigo kunogona kuwedzera kuvapo kwevavengi vechisikigo nezvinopa zvirimwa. Zvisinei, dzimwe nzvimbo dzinogonawo kuva nzvimbo dzinochengetera zvipembenene kana zvinodya zvipembenene kana dziine masora anotsigira zvirimwa nemiti ine masora. Nheyo dzezvakatipoteredza dzinosimbisa kuenzana: kusimudzira kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu zvinobatsira pasina kugadzira manyuko emushonga uye nzvimbo dzekuberekera zvipembenene.
Kurima miti yakasiyana-siyana, kurima zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kutenderera kwezvirimwa inzira dzinoshandisa musimboti wekuti "kukanganiswa kwenzvimbo" kune zvipembenene. Nezvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvipembenene zvinoenderana nemhuka zvinoomerwa nekuwana zvirimwa, zvichikanganisa hupenyu hwazvo. Saizvozvowo, kutenderera kunogona kudzvinyirira zvipembenene zvinobva muvhu uye nematode anozvimirira, kunyange hazvo kushanda kwayo kuchienderana nehuwandu hwechirwere.
Maitiro ekurima uye migumisiro yezvakatipoteredza
Kusanyatso shanda zvakanaka kwembeu, kunyanya nitrogen yakawandisa, kunowanzo batanidzwa nekuwedzera kwengozi yezvirimwa yekusveta zvipembenene kana zvimwe zvirwere nekuti zvidimbu zvinova zvakapfava uye zvine zvinovaka muviri zvakawanda. Kudiridza kunobatsirawo: kudiridza ne sprinkler kunogona kuwedzera hunyoro hwevhu uye kukurudzira zvirwere, nepo kudiridza ne drip kunogona kuderedza hunyoro hwemashizha. Kuwanda kwekudyara kwakawandisa kunokanganisa kutenderera kwemhepo, kunowedzera hunyoro hushoma, uye kukurumidzisa kupararira kwezvirwere.
Kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, kunyange zvazvo kuchikurumidza kuderedza kuwanda kwezvipembenene, kune zvakunoreva pakuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza zvakaita sekusagona kushandiswa kwemishonga. Kusiyana kwemajini kuripo mukati mehuwandu hwezvipembenene; vanhu vasingadi mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene vanogona kurarama nekubereka mushure mekushandiswa kakawanda, zvichideredza kushanda kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Nokudaro, nzira dzekutenderedza zvinhu zvinoshanda, kushandiswa kwemiganhu yekudzora, uye kubatanidzwa kwenzira dzisiri dzemakemikari zvakakosha kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwehurongwa.
Maitiro eIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) akavakirwa pakuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza
Kutarisirwa Kwezvipembenene Zvakasanganiswa (IPM) inzira inoshanda yekuongorora zvipembenene nezvirwere. IPM hairambi mishonga yezvipembenene, asi inoiisa pakutanga senzira yekupedzisira uye inoishandisa zvine hungwaru zvichibva pakutarisa uye hupfumi. Zvikamu zveIPM zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemhando dzinorwisa zvipembenene, mbeu dzine hutano, kucheneswa kwevhu, kuchinjana kwezvirimwa, kutonga kumwe kwemhuka, kuchengetedza vavengi, kushandisa misungo, zvinhu zvipenyu, uye nguva yekudyara.
Chinhu chikuru cheIPM kunzwisisa nzvimbo nenguva: kuti zvipembenene zvinobuda riini, kuti kumanikidzwa kuri pamusoro mumunda kuri kupi, uye kuti mamiriro ekunze ari pasi pevhu anokanganisa sei njodzi. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nematanho akananga. Semuenzaniso, kupfapfaidza kunogona kunangidzirwa panzvimbo dzinorwiswa, kwete mumunda wese, kana kushandiswa panguva iyo utachiona hunogona kupararira, pane kuti pave nenguva yakatarwa.
Penutup
Kurarama kwezvipembenene nezvirwere zvezvirimwa kunotidzidzisa kuti hutano hwezvirimwa hahuna kusarudzwa nechinhu chimwe chete, asi nekubatana kwenzvimbo dziri mukati meagroecosystem. Kupararira kwezvipembenene nezvirwere zvinoratidza mamiriro akanaka, kungave nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze, kuwanikwa kwenzvimbo, maitiro ekurima, kana kudzikira kwevavengi vechisikigo. Nekunzwisisa misimboti yezvakatipoteredza—kuchinja kwehuwandu hwevanhu, triangle yezvirwere, basa rezvakatipoteredza, uye chimiro chenzvimbo—tinogona kugadzira nzira dzekuchengetedza dzinogara kwenguva refu. Pakupedzisira, nzira yakavakirwa pazvakatipoteredza haingoderedzi kurasikirwa kwegoho chete asiwo inochengetedza kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza, hutano hwevhu, uye kugara kwenguva refu kwekurima.
