Mhedzisiro yeKurima Hove muNzvimbo Yakatipoteredza
Kurima hove kuri kuramba kuchikosha mukuzadzisa kudiwa kweprotein yemhuka pasi rose. Sezvo hove dziri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzichimanikidzwa nekubata hove zvakanyanya uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kurima hove, shrimp, shellfish, uye gungwa kunoonekwa senzira yekuchengetedza chikafu ukuwo kuchitsigira hupfumi hwemahombekombe nekumaruwa. Zvisinei, pasinei nekupa kwayo mipiro, kurima hove kunewo migumisiro yezvakatipoteredza inoda kunzwisisa kwakaringana. Migumisiro iyi haisi yakaipa nguva dzose; dzimwe nzira dzekurima hove dzinogona kuvandudza kunaka kwemvura , nepo dzimwe dzichigona kuderedza kugona kwekutakura ecosystem kana dzikasatarisirwa zvakanaka.
1. Kusvibiswa kwezvinovaka muviri uye kudyiwa kwemafuta akawanda
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kutaurwa nezvacho nezvezvakatipoteredza kuwedzera kwezvinovaka muviri—kunyanya nitrogen nephosphorus—mumvura. Izvi zvinobva mukudya kwemhuka kusina kudyiwa, tsvina yehove, uye marara emumuviri. Munzvimbo dzakanyanya kuchengetwa kwemvura dzakadai semakeji emvura anoyangarara (KJA) mumakungwa kana mugungwa, kana mumadziva ane shrimp yakawanda, kuunganidzwa kwezvinovaka muviri kunogona kukonzera eutrophication, kuputika kwekukura kwealgae. Eutrophication inogona kuderedza mwero weokisijeni yakanyungudutswa sezvo algae ichifa uye ichiora, zvichikonzera kushaya oksijeni yakawanda uye kunyange kufa kwehove dzakawanda, dzese dziri mukurima nedzemusango. Mumvura dzakavharirwa kana kuti dzine mvura shoma, kukanganisa uku kunogona kutonyanya kuipa nekuda kwekusasanganiswa kwezvisikwa zvakakwana.
2. Kuderera kwehunhu hwemadhaka uye shanduko muhwaro hwemvura
Kupfuura chikamu chemvura, migumisiro yekuchengetwa kwemvura zvakanyanya inoonekwawo mumatope (pasi pemvura). Zvinhu zvepanyama zvinobva muzvikafu zvasara uye tsvina zvinogona kuungana, zvichigadzira mamiriro ekusashanda zvakanaka kwemhepo (oxygen-depleted) pasi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maitiro ekuora anogadzira makemikari akadai sehydrogen sulfide, ayo ane chepfu kuzvisikwa zvemu benthic. Kuchinja munharaunda dze benthic—zvisikwa zvemu benthic zvakaita sehonye, zvipenyu zvidiki, uye microfauna—chiratidzo chakajairika chekuora kwezvakatipoteredza munzvimbo dzekuchengetwa kwemvura. Nekufamba kwenguva, shanduko dzematope dzinogona kukanganisa cheni dzechikafu dzemuno uye kuderedza mashandiro e ecosystem senzvimbo yekuchengetera vana.
3. Kushandiswa kwezvikafu zvegungwa uye kumanikidzwa kwezviwanikwa zvemugungwa
Kurima mhuka dzinodya nyama (semuenzaniso, salmon, grouper, kana dzimwe hove dzemugungwa dzinokosha zvikuru) kazhinji zvinoda chikafu chine mapuroteni akawanda, izvo zvagara zvichishandiswa zvakanyanya pakudya kwehove nemafuta ehove kubva muhove dzinobatwa. Kana zvinhu zvekudya zvikawanikwa kubva muhove dzisingatarisirwi zvakanaka, kurima hove kunogona kushandura kumanikidzwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Kunyange zvazvo mafambiro aripo pari zvino muindasitiri yezvikafu ari ekutsiva zvinhu zvinobva mumiti, zvipembenene, manyowa madiki, kana zvigadzirwa zvehove, shanduko iyi inoda kutariswa kudzivirira matambudziko matsva, akadai sekuwedzera kwevhu rezvimwe zvinhu zvekurima kana kuti carbon footprint yakawanda.
4. Zvirwere, tupukanana, uye kushandiswa kwemishonga
Kuwanda kwehove muhove kunowedzera njodzi yezvirwere nekukura kwezvipembenene. Kana zvipembenene zvikaitika, varimi kana varimi vanogona kushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, mishonga inouraya utachiona, kana mamwe makemikari kuderedza kufa. Kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kunogona kusvibisa mvura uye kukonzera kusakwanisa kurwisa utachiona, dambudziko rehutano rine migumisiro inopfuura chikamu chehove. Uyezve, zvirwere zvinobva muhove zvinogona kupararira kune hove dzemusango, kunyanya kana purazi riri pedyo nenzira dzinotama kana nzvimbo dzakakosha. Izvi zvinoda matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza zvipenyu, kubaya majekiseni (kune mamwe marudzi), uye masisitimu ekutarisa hutano hwehove nguva dzose .
5. Kutiza kwehove dzinorimwa uye njodzi kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvipenyu
Hove dzinochengetwa dzinogona kutiza kubva mumakeji nekuda kwekukuvara, madutu, kana zvikanganiso zvekushanda. Kana hove dzakatiza dziri mhando dzisiri dzemuno kana kuti dzakazvarwa nenzira yakasarudzika, pane njodzi yekukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza: kukwikwidzana nehove dzemusango, kudyidzana, uye kunyange kuberekana kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana kunochinja kusiyana kwemajini evanhu vemunharaunda. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mhando dzinopinda dzinogona kuchinja chimiro chezvakatipoteredza uye kudzvinyirira mhando dzenzvimbo. Nokudaro, kusarudza mhando dzakakodzera dzemuno, kushandisa masisitimu akasimba ekudzivirira, uye kuita matanho ekukurumidzira kana paine kudonha kwemvura kwakakosha kuderedza migumisiro.
6. Kuchinja kwenzvimbo dzekugara mumahombekombe uye kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza
Kurima hove dzemumahombekombe , kunyanya kurima shrimp, kune nhoroondo yakareba yekushandura mangrove. Mangrove anoshanda sedziviriro yemahombekombe, kunyura kwecarbon, zvipingamupinyi zvekupinda kwemvura yemunyu , uye nzvimbo dzakakosha dzehove nedzimwe mhuka dzinorarama. Kurasikirwa kwemangove kunogona kuwedzera kukurwa kwevhu, kuderedza kunaka kwemvura , uye kuderedza mabasa ekuchengetedza nharaunda anopa kukosha kwakakosha kwehupfumi kunharaunda. Kunyangwe tsika dzemazuva ano dzichiwedzera kusimbisa kuvandudzwa kwekurima hove kwenguva refu uye kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo, matambudziko makuru achiripo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzisina kuronga nzvimbo kwakasimba kana kutarisirwa kwezvakatipoteredza kushoma.
7. Mhedzisiro pakushandiswa kwemvura uye munyu
Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinochengetwa mvura yakachena kana madziva anoda kuchinjwa mvura nguva nenguva, kudiwa kwemvura kunogona kuva dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza uye remagariro evanhu, kunyanya munzvimbo dzisina mvura yakawanda. Mumadziva egungwa, kubviswa kwemvura uye kuburitswa kwemvura yakasviba zvinogona kukanganisa munyu wemvura yakapoteredza. Kana kuyerera kwemvura kukasatarisirwa zvakanaka, mvura yemunyu inogona kupinda muvhu kana mumvura yakachena (kupindira kwemunyu), zvichikanganisa kurima nezvinodiwa zvemunharaunda dzakapoteredza.
8. Kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa uye kukanganiswa kwekabhoni
Kurima kwemvura kunonyanya kushandiswa nekabhoni. Nzvimbo huru dzinosanganisira kugadzirwa kwezvikafu (simba, kutakurwa, zvinhu zvakabikwa), kushandiswa kwemagetsi pakupinza mweya nekupomba, uye kuburitswa kwemhepo kubva mumadhaka nemadziva (semuenzaniso, methane pasi pemamwe mamiriro). Kuburitswa kwekabhoni kunosiyana zvakanyanya pazvinhu nemaitiro. Kurima kwehove dzegungwa nehove dzegungwa (hove dzegungwa) kunowanzoonekwa sekunge kune kuburitswa kwemhepo kwakaderera nekuti hakudi chikafu chekuwedzera uye kunogona kutotora zvinovaka muviri. Zvisinei, kuverenga kwakaringana kunofanira kusanganisira cheni yese yekugovera, kusanganisira kugadzirisa nekugovera.
9. Kubudirira: mikana yekudzoreredza nharaunda kuburikidza nekurima zvinogara kwenguva refu
Hazvisi zvese zvinokanganisa. Kurima hove, oyster, uye hove dzemugungwa kunogona kubatsira kuvandudza kunaka kwemvura nekunwa zvinovaka muviri nezvimedu zvakamiswa. Pfungwa yeIntegrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)—kubatanidza hove (vagadziri vezvinovaka muviri) nehove dzemugungwa ...
10. Nzira dzekuderedza kukanganiswa
Kuti kuderedze kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, nzira dzinoverengeka dzakakosha dzinogona kushandiswa:
1. Kusarudza nzvimbo zvichienderana nekukwanisa kutakura: kusarudza nzvimbo ine simba remagetsi uye kutenderera kwakakwana, kure nenzvimbo dzinogara vanhu vane hutachiona, uye kufunga nezvekugona kwekudya zvinovaka muviri.
2. Kutarisira chikafu zvakanaka: kushandisa chikafu chemhando yepamusoro, kudyisa nemazvo, uye kutarisa FCR (feed conversion ratio) kuderedza marara.
3. Kurapa marara nemvura yakasviba: kusvibisa, kusvina zvinhu zvipenyu, nzvimbo dzine mvura yakawanda, kana kuti masisitimu ekudzorerazve zvinovaka muviri kuti zvisaburitse zvinovaka muviri.
4. Kuchengetedzwa kwemhuka uye hutano hwehove: kupatsanura mbeu, kugara uchitarisa, kubaya nhomba kana zviripo, uye mitemo yekurwisa mabhakitiriya.
5. Kudzivirira nzvimbo dzekugara: kudzivirira kushanduka kwemiti yemumango, kuita kuti pave nekugadziriswa kwenzvimbo, uye kuona kuti zvirongwa zvenzvimbo zvinotevedzwa.
6. Zvitupa nemirau: kushandiswa kwemirau yekuchengetedza nharaunda (semuenzaniso nzira dzakanaka dzekurima/CBIB, kana zvirongwa zvepasi rose zvezvitupa) kukurudzira kufambira mberi kwekuvandudza.
Mhedziso
Kurima hove kune mukana wakakura wekutsigira chikafu nekuchengetedzeka kwehupfumi, asi kunewo mhedzisiro yakakura yezvakatipoteredza: kusvibiswa kwezvinovaka muviri, kushanduka kwemadhaka, njodzi dzezvirwere, kuburitswa kwehove, uye kushandurwa kwenzvimbo dzemahombekombe. Kutarisirwa kwakavakirwa pasainzi, hutongi hwakasimba, uye kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yekurima yakachena uye maitiro zvakakosha. Nekuronga kwakakodzera nzvimbo, kushanda zvakanaka kwekudya, kutonga marara, uye nzira dzakabatana dzakadai seIMTA, kurima hove kunogona kubudirira pasina kukanganisa hutano hwenzvimbo. Kugara kwenguva refu hakusi sarudzo yetsika chete; chinhu chakakosha kuti kurima hove kurambe kuchibereka kwenguva refu.
