Nhoroondo yeKubudirira kweMamiriro ekunze
Meteorology, chidzidzo chesainzi chemhepo, chinotarisa pakunzwisisa nekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze. Nhoroondo yemeteorology inyaya yekuda kuziva kwevanhu, kubudirira kwesainzi, uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kubva kutsika dzekare kusvika kumamodeli emamiriro ekunze anhasi. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora matanho akakosha mukukura kwemeteorology sesainzi.
Nheyo dzekare nedzepakutanga
Kwakatangira ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kuteverwa kudzokera kumashure kusvika kutsika dzekare. MuGreece Yekare, muzivi Aristotle akanyora "Meteorologica" kunenge muna 350 BCE, bhuku rainyora ruzivo rwaivepo nezvemamiriro ekunze. Kunyangwe fungidziro dzaAristotle dzakawanda dzakanga dzisina kururama zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemazuva ano, basa rake rakaisa hwaro hwepfungwa dzekuferefeta mune ramangwana.
MuChina yekare, kuedza kwakafanana kwaiitwa. Munenge muna 300 BCE, nyanzvi dzekuChina dzakanyora zvinyorwa zvakadzama zvemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvakashandiswa kufanotaura goho rekurima. Izvi zvakaonekwa zvaive zvimwe zvekuedza kwekutanga kunyora zvinyorwa zvemamiriro ekunze.
Makore Epakati Kusvika Pakudzorerwa Kwenguva: Kutanga Kwekucherechedza Kwemashiripiti
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, kufambira mberi kwemamiriro ekunze kwakaramba kuripo nekuda kwekuwanda kwedzidziso dzechitendero pamusoro pekuferefeta kwesainzi. Zvisinei, Renaissance yakavandudza kufarira kwekuongorora nekuedza. Zvishandiso zvakaita sehygrometer nebarometer zvakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi17, zvichiwedzera zvakanyanya kugona kuyera mamiriro ekunze nemazvo.
Nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuItaly Evangelista Torricelli akagadzira barometer muna 1643, zvichibvumira masayendisiti kuyera kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kekutanga. Kugadzira uku kwakachinja-chinja mutambo, kuchipa nzira inoverengeka yekudzidza mhepo uye kugadzira nzira yekutsvagisa mune ramangwana.
Kujekeswa: Kuunganidzwa Kwemashoko Akarongeka
Munguva yeEnlightenment yezana remakore rechi18 yakaona kuumbwa kwenzira dzakarongeka dzekutarisa mamiriro ekunze. Anders Celsius akagadzira chikero chekupisa cheCelsius muna 1742, achienzanisa kuyerwa kwekupisa. Munguva iyi, nyika zhinji dzakatanga kugadzira nzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze, zvichibvumira kuunganidzwa kwedata kwakarongeka.
Sangano reRoyal Society muLondon, rakavambwa muna 1660, rakaita basa guru mukusimudzira kudyidzana kwesainzi, kusanganisira zvemamiriro ekunze. Mabhuku esangano iri akaparadzira ruzivo rwezvemamiriro ekunze muEurope yese nekune dzimwe nyika, vachivaka hurongwa hwekutarisa mamiriro ekunze kwakarongeka.
Zana remakore rechi19: Dzidziso dzeKuumba uye Synoptic Meteorology
Zana remakore rechi19 rakachinja zvikuru mamiriro ekunze. Pfungwa yemhepo yakawanda nemiganhu yakatangwa, uye masayendisiti akatanga kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro emhepo. Francis Beaufort akagadzira chikero cheBeaufort muna 1805, achipa nzira yakajairika yekutsanangura kumhanya kwemhepo.
Muna 1846, kugadzirwa kweteregirafu kwakachinja mamiriro ekunze nekugonesa kuchinjana kwedata remamiriro ekunze munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana nekukurumidza. Kubudirira uku kwetekinoroji kwakabvumira kukura kwe synoptic meteorology, uko kucherechedza mamiriro ekunze kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kwaigona kuunganidzwa kuti pagadzirwe mamepu emamiriro ekunze akazara.
Kurongwa kwaLuke Howard kwemagore muna 1803 kwakaenderera mberi neruzivo rwezvemamiriro ekunze. Kurongeka kwake kwemarudzi emakore—stratus, cumulus, cirrus, uye nimbus—kuchiri hwaro hwehunhu hwemamiriro ekunze nhasi.
Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20: Kuberekwa kweMeteorology yemazuva ano
Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kwakaratidza kubuda kwemamiriro ekunze emazuva ano. Muna 1922, nyanzvi yemasvomhu yekuBritain Lewis Fry Richardson yakaburitsa bhuku rinonzi “Weather Prediction by Numerical Process,” richitsanangura nheyo dzekutanga dzekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze enhamba (NWP). Kunyangwe miganhu yekuverenga yenguva yake yakavhiringidza mashandisirwo anoshanda, basa raRichardson rakagadzira hwaro hwezvinoitika mune ramangwana.
Munguva iyi, Vilhelm Bjerknes nevamwe vake vekuScandinavia vakagadzira dzidziso yepolar front, vachitsanangura kuumbwa kwemadutu nemaanticyclone. Dzidziso iyi yaive yakakosha pakuvandudza kururama kwekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze uye ichiri chikamu chesainzi yemamiriro ekunze.
Kuumbwa kwemasangano akadai seInternational Meteorological Organisation (IMO) muna 1873—yaitangira World Meteorological Organization (WMO)—kwakagadzirisa maitiro epasi rose emamiriro ekunze uye kwakabatsira kugovera data repasi rose.
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 kusvika pakupera: Kufambira mberi kweTekinoroji
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 pakava nekufambira mberi kwakawanda kwetekinoroji. Kuuya kweradar panguva yeHondo Yenyika II kwakavandudza zvakanyanya kugona kwekuona nekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze, kunyanya kunaya kwemvura. Mushure mehondo, tekinoroji yeradar yakakurumidza kuchinja kuita mashandisirwo ehurumende, ikava musimboti wekuongorora mamiriro ekunze.
Muna 1950, kugadzirwa kwemakombiyuta ekutanga emagetsi kwakaunza nguva itsva yekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze enhamba (NWP). Nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze yekuAmerica Jule Gregory Charney nevamwe vake vakashandisa komputa yeENIAC kugadzira kufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze kwenhamba kwekutanga kwakabudirira. Kubudirira uku kwakasimbisa kukosha kwesimba remakomputa mukuongorora mamiriro ekunze.
Kuburitswa kwemasatellite emamiriro ekunze muma1960 kwakachinja mamiriro ekunze nekupa ongororo yakazara yemhepo yePasi panguva chaiyo. Satellite yekutanga yemamiriro ekunze yakabudirira, TIROS-1, yakatangwa neNASA muna 1960, yakatora mifananidzo yemaumbirwo emakore, ichipa ruzivo rwakakura pamusoro pemamiriro ekunze epasi rose.
Meteorology yemazuva ano: Mhando dzepamusoro neSainzi yeMamiriro ekunze
Nhasi uno, ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze runobatanidza kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji, komputa, uye kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese. Masisitimu emakombiyuta anoshanda zvakanyanya anogonesa kugadzirwa kwemamodheru enhamba akanyanya kunaka, anokwanisa kutevedzera mamiriro ekunze nenzira yakarurama zvikuru.
Sisitimu yeGlobal Forecast System (GFS) pamwe neEuropean Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) dzinopa ruzivo rwakadzama rwemamiriro ekunze runoshandiswa nemasangano ezvemamiriro ekunze pasi rese. Mamodheru aya anotarisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichipa ruzivo rwakanyatsojeka rwemamiriro ekunze rwenguva pfupi nerefu.
Nyanzvi dzezvemamiriro ekunze dziripo mazuva ano dzinosimbisawo sainzi yemamiriro ekunze, zvichikonzerwa nekuwedzera kweruzivo rwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose. Dare reIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), rakavambwa muna 1988, rinogadzira tsvakurudzo pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, richipa ruzivo pamusoro pemitemo uye kunzwisisa kweveruzhinji.
Tekinoroji yesatellite iri kuramba ichifambira mberi, nemabasa akaita seNASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) achipa ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pemvura inonaya pasi rose. Zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvakaita seDoppler radar neLIDAR zvinowedzera kugona kwekutarisa, zvichiwedzera kunatsiridza kururama kwekufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze.
mhedziso
Nhoroondo yezvemamiriro ekunze inhoroondo yehungwaru hwevanhu nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Kubva pakucherechedza kwekare uye zvishandiso zvepakutanga kusvika kumasatellite emazuva ano nemakomputa makuru, zvemamiriro ekunze zvakashanduka kuita sainzi yemazuva ano. Nhasi, vezvemamiriro ekunze havangogone kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze nekururama kusati kwamboitika asiwo vanobatsira mukunzwisisa kwedu shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, zvichiumba remangwana repasi redu.
Sezvatinofamba nematambudziko ekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kukosha kwemamiriro ekunze kucharamba kuchikura. Nhoroondo yayo yakapfuma inopa ruzivo nezveramangwana rayo, ichikurudzira hunyanzvi uye ichikurudzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemamiriro ekunze akatipoteredza.
