Mhando dzeData reMeteorological
Meteorology, sainzi yakatsaurirwa kunzwisisa maitiro emamiriro ekunze uye zviitiko zvemumhepo, inonyanya kutsamira pakuunganidzwa nekuongororwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzedata remamiriro ekunze. Data iri rakakosha pakufanotaura mamiriro ekunze, zvidzidzo zvemamiriro ekunze, uye kuchengetedzwa kwehupenyu nezvinhu. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora mhando dzakasiyana dzedata remamiriro ekunze, manyuko aro, uye kukosha kwaro mukunzwisisa mhepo yedu.
1. Ruzivo rweTembiricha
Kupisa ndeimwe yedata repamusoro-soro rezvemamiriro ekunze. Inoyerwa uchishandisa mathermometers pamatanho akasiyana emhepo, kusanganisira tembiricha yepamusoro uye tembiricha yemhepo yepamusoro kana yepamusoro.
– Kupisa Pamusoro: Rudzi urwu rwedata runopa ruzivo rwekuchinja kwezuva nezuva uye rwakakosha pakufanotaura mamiriro ekunze uye pakuongorora mamiriro ekunze.
– Tembiricha yemhepo yepamusoro: Yakaunganidzwa uchishandisa maradiosondes (mabharuni emamiriro ekunze ane masensa) uye satellite remote sensing, tembiricha yemhepo yepamusoro inotiudza nezvemamiriro emhepo pakukwirira kwakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakakosha pakunzwisisa masisitimu emamiriro ekunze uye mafambiro emhepo.
2. Ruzivo rweHunyoro
Hunyoro hunoreva huwandu hwemvura iri mumhepo. Hunoyerwa uchishandisa ma hygrometer, psychrometers, uye, pakuyera mhepo yepamusoro, ma radiosondes.
– Hunyoro: Ichi ndicho chiyero chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, chinomiririra huwandu hwehunyoro mumhepo zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwehunyoro hunogona kuchengetwa nemhepo pakupisa ikoko.
– Hunyoro Hwakazara: Huremu hwese hwemvura inopfungaira mumhepo yakapihwa.
– Dova: Tembiricha iyo mvura inozara uye utsi hwemvura hunoungana kuita mvura, zvichiita dova. Kunzwisisa dova kwakakosha pakufanotaura mhute, chando, uye kunaya kwemvura.
3. Ruzivo rwemvura inonaya
Ruzivo rwemvura inonaya runosanganisira marudzi ese emvura, yemvura kana yakasimba, inodonha kubva mumakore yosvika pasi, yakaita semvura, sinou, sinou, nechimvuramabwe. Midziyo yakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa kuunganidza ruzivo rwemvura inonaya:
– Mageji emvura: Aya anoyera huwandu hwemvura inonaya mukati menguva yakatarwa, inowanzoshandiswa munzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze.
– Mageji eSinou: Anoshandiswa kuyera chando, anowanzo shanda pamwe chete nezvimwe zvishandiso zvinonyungudutsa chando kuti zviyere mvura yemvura yakaenzana.
– MaRadar eMamiriro ekunze: Masisitimu aya anoona kunaya kwemvura nekuburitsa ma microwave pulses uye kuongorora zviratidzo zvinodzoserwa. Anopa ruzivo rwemhando yemvura, simba, uye kufamba, zvakakosha pakufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze kwenguva pfupi uye nyevero dzekutanga dzemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa.
4. Ruzivo rweMhepo
Mhepo inoratidzwa nekumhanya kwayo uye kwainoenda. MaAnemometers anoyera kumhanya kwemhepo, ukuwo maWind Vane achiyera kwainoenda. Kubatanidza zvishandiso izvi kunopa ruzivo rwakakwana rwemhepo runoshandiswa nevanoongorora mamiriro ekunze.
– Mhepo Dzinoyerera: Dzinoyerwa panzvimbo dzinoshandiswa mamiriro ekunze, data iri rakakosha pakunzwisisa nekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze emunharaunda.
– Mhepo dzemudenga: Dzinowanikwa kubva kumaradiosondes, ndege dzekutengeserana, uye masateliti, data iri rinokosha pakunzwisisa maitiro emamiriro ekunze uye majeti streams.
5. Ruzivo rweKumanikidzwa kweMhepo
Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo (atmospheric pressure) isimba rinoburitswa nehuremu hwemhepo iri mumhepo pamusoro penzvimbo yakatarwa. Data iri rakakosha pakufanotaura mamiriro ekunze uye rinoyerwa uchishandisa mabara.
– Kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro: Kunopa ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze emunharaunda, zvichibatsira kuona masisitimu ane kumanikidzwa kwakakwira uye kwakaderera anokanganisa maitiro emamiriro ekunze.
– Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo yepamusoro: Kuyerwa ne radiosondes nendege, data iri rinobatsira kunzwisisa chimiro chemhepo yakatwasuka uye kukura kwemamiriro ekunze.
6. Data regore
Makore ane basa guru mumamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakore, zvakaita serudzi, kureba, kufukidzwa, uye huwandu hwemvura kana chando zvirimo, zvakakosha.
– Kavha Yegore: Inowanzoonekwa nemaziso kana kushandisa mifananidzo yesatellite, zvinoreva chikamu chedenga chakafukidzwa nemakore.
– Rudzi Rwegore uye Kureba: Kana zvikaonekwa nemaziso kana nedenga repasi pegore, izvi zvinobatsira kuziva maumbirwo akasiyana emakore uye zvazvinoreva kumamiriro ekunze.
– Mvura Yakawanda Mugore: Yakayerwa uchishandisa matekinoroji ekuona kure, kusanganisira satellite radiometers uye radar, zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kunaya kwemvura uye maitiro emwaranzi mumhepo.
7. Ruzivo rweMwaranzi yeZuva
Data remwaranzi yezuva rinoreva huwandu hwezuva rinosvika pamusoro penyika. Mapiranometer nemapiraheliometer anoyera zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemwaranzi yezuva.
– Mwaranzi yepasi rose: Inosanganisira chiedza chezuva chakananga uye mwaranzi yedenga inopararira.
– Mwaranzi Yakananga: Chiedza chezuva chinobva kuzuva chete, chinoyerwa ne pyrheliometers.
– Kupararira kweMwaranzi: Chiedza chezuva chinopararira nemhepo, chakayerwa nemapiranometer.
8. Ruzivo rweRadar
Radar Data inokosha pakutevera kunaya kwemvura, mamiriro ekunze akaipisisa, uye zviitiko zvemumhepo. Maradar emamiriro ekunze anoshandisa Doppler effect kuona mafambiro ari mukati memvura, nokudaro achiongorora kumhanya kwemhepo, kuona madutu, uye kupa yambiro dzekutanga dzezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa.
9. Ruzivo rweSetiraiti
Data reSatellite rinopa maonero akazara emamiriro ekunze epasi rose uye masisitimu emamiriro ekunze. MaSatellite ane masensa akasiyana-siyana anobata data mumarefu akasiyana-siyana, achipa ruzivo rwakakosha rwakadai se:
- Mifananidzo Inoonekwa uye Inopenya: Rubatsiro mukuongorora kufukidza kwegore, tembiricha, uye zvinhu zviri pamusoro.
– Kunzwa kweMicrowave: Kunoshandiswa kuyera kunaya kwemvura, tembiricha pamusoro pegungwa, uye hunyoro hwevhu.
– Masatellite eGeostationary nePolar-orbiting: Anopa ruzivo rwepasi rose rwunoenderera mberi, zvichiteerana, rwakakosha pakutarisa mamiriro ekunze nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
10. Ruzivo rweMheni
Ruzivo rweMheni runounganidzwa uchishandisa network dzemasensa nekutarisa kwesatellite dziri pasi. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakunzwisisa mafambiro emvura ine dutu uye kupa yambiro panguva yakakodzera.
- Kuona Zvinhu Zvichibva Pasi: Manetwork anoona zviratidzo zvemagetsi kubva pakurohwa nemheni, zvichipa ruzivo nezvenzvimbo uye simba rayo.
– Kuona Satellite: Masensa anoona mheni kubva muchadenga, zvichipa ruzivo rwepasi rose uye ruzivo rwemadutu pamusoro pemakungwa nenzvimbo dziri kure.
11. Ruzivo rweMhepo Yemhando Yemhepo
Data reMhepo Yemhando Yepamusoro rinosanganisira kuyerwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosvibisa zvakaita sezvinhu zvidiki, ozone, uye nitrogen dioxide. Nyanzvi dzezvemamiriro ekunze dzinoshandisa data iri kuongorora kuti mamiriro ekunze anokanganisa sei mhando yemhepo uye kupa mazano ehutano.
– Nzvimbo dzekutarisa dziri pasi: Yera huwandu hwezvinosvibisa munzvimbo dzakatarwa.
– Zvakaonekwa neSatellite: Ipa maonero edunhu nepasi rose pamusoro pemafambiro emhepo.
mhedziso
Ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana rwemamiriro ekunze rwunobatsira zvikuru mukusimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu zviitiko zvemumhepo zvinoumba mamiriro edu ekunze nemamiriro ekunze. Kubva pakuyerwa kwetembiricha nehunyoro kusvika kudata resatellite repamusoro, rudzi rumwe nerumwe rweruzivo runobatsira mukugadzirwa kwemafungidziro emamiriro ekunze akarurama, mamodheru emamiriro ekunze, uye masisitimu ekunyevera epakutanga, nokudaro zvichichengetedza nharaunda uye zvichisimudzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemhepo inoshanduka yepasi redu.
