Kushandiswa kweOrganophosphate Compounds
Makomponi eOrganophosphate iboka remakemikari ane atomu yephosphorus (P) yakabatana neboka reorganic (rine kabhoni). Boka iri rinozivikanwa zvikuru nebasa raro guru mukurima, hutano hweveruzhinji, uye maindasitiri. Kune rumwe rutivi, organophosphates inobatsira kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwechikafu kuburikidza nekudzora zvipembenene. Kune rumwe rutivi, mamwe maorganophosphates ane chepfu yakanyanya kuvanhu nenharaunda kana ikashandiswa pasina kungwarira. Chinyorwa chino chinotaura nezvekushandiswa kweorganophosphates, mabhenefiti ayo, uye njodzi uye matanho akakosha ekudzora.
Ndezvipi zvinonzi organophosphate compounds?
Kazhinji, ma-organophosphates anosanganisira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobva mu phosphoric, phosphonic, uye phosphorothioic acids, zvine kusiyana kwemaumbirwo kunokanganisa hunhu hwazvo hwemuviri uye hwechepfu. Mazhinji ma-organophosphates anoshanda nekuchinja sisitimu yetsinga dzezvisikwa, kunyanya kuburikidza nekudzivisa enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Iyi enzyme inopwanya acetylcholine, neurotransmitter inotumira masaini kuburikidza ne nerve synapses. Kana enzyme ikadziviswa, acetylcholine inoungana uye inokonzera kusagadzikana kwebasa retsinga, izvo muzviitiko zvakakomba zvinogona kukonzera kuoma kwekufema.
Kunyangwe nzira iyi ichiwanzobatanidzwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi organophosphate, haisi mishonga yese inoshandiswa semishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Mimwe inoshandiswawo sezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa, zvinowedzerwa, zvinogadzirisa purasitiki, uye zvinopindirana mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari.
Kushandiswa kwe organophosphates mukurima
Kushandiswa kunonyanya kuzivikanwa kwe organophosphates imishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kuuraya kana kudzora zvipembenene. Kubva pakati pezana remakore rechi20, organophosphates yave imwe nzira yekurapa zvipembenene zve organochlorine zvinogara zviripo munharaunda. Organophosphates inowanzoora nekukurumidza kupfuura mamwe ma organochlorine, zvichikonzera kusaririra kwezvakatipoteredza kushoma kana ikatarisirwa zvakanaka.
Mukurima, organophosphates inoshandiswa pa:
1. Dzora zvipembenene zvemashizha nemidzi zvakaita semakonye, maaphid, nezvipembenene zvinosveta.
2. Kuchengetedza goho rezvirimwa zvekudya (mupunga, chibage), kurima miriwo (muriwo, michero), uye minda yemichero (kofi, koko).
3. Kuderedza kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa mushure mekukohwa, kunyangwe kushandiswa kwacho kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi nekuda kwematambudziko ezvimedu.
Chinhu chikuru chinobatsira pakurima ndechekuti zvipembenene zve organophosphates zvinoshanda zvakanaka pakurwisa zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana uye nekukurumidza kuderedza huwandu hwazvo hwezvipembenene. Zvisinei, dambudziko guru rinomuka kubva pakukura kwekusagona kurwisa zvipembenene kana zvikashandiswa kakawanda pasina kutenderedza zvinhu zvinoshanda uye kushandisa Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Kushandisa muhutano hweveruzhinji
Kunze kwekurima, organophosphates inoshandiswawo kudzora zvirwere, zvakaita seumhutu hunotakura dengue fever, malaria, kana filariasis. Kana paine hutachiona, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inogona kushandiswa sefodya kana kupfapfaidza munzvimbo dzakatarwa.
Kunyange zvazvo zvichishanda, kushandisa munzvimbo dzekugara kunoda kungwarira zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugona kuitika kwevanhu, kunyanya kumapoka evasina dziviriro akadai sevacheche, vana, vakadzi vane pamuviri, nevakwegura. Nokudaro, kushandiswa kunofanira kutevedzera nhungamiro dzepamutemo, mwero wakakodzera, uye nzira dzakasimba dzekuchengetedza.
Kushandiswa kwe organophosphates muindasitiri
Kunze kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, mishonga yakawanda ye organophosphate inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri, kusanganisira:
– Zvinowedzera mafuta zvinovandudza mashandiro uye kudzivirira kupisa.
– Zvinodzora moto mune zvimwe zvinhu zvepolymer.
- Plasticizer yekuwedzera kuchinjika kwepurasitiki.
- Zvinhu zvekugadzira makemikari zvinosanganisa mishonga nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzirisa makemikari, kusanganisira zvinhu zvemishonga uye zvinhu zvine chekuita nemakemikari.
Mashandisirwo aya emaindasitiri haawanzobatanidzwa nemaitiro ekudzivirira acetylcholinesterase, sezvinoitika nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Zvisinei, kuongororwa kwekuchengetedza kuchiri kudiwa nekuti mamwe ma "organophosphates" emaindasitiri anogona kutsamwisa, kuva nechepfu, kana kuva nemhedzisiro inogona kukanganisa nharaunda.
Njodzi dzehutano dzinobva mukusangana ne organophosphate
Kusangana ne organophosphates kunogona kuitika kuburikidza nekufema, kubata ganda, kana kumedza. Njodzi yacho inoenderana zvikuru nerudzi rwechinhu chacho, kuwanda kwacho, nguva yaanosangana nayo, uye hutano hwemunhu.
Zviratidzo zvekubatwa nechirwere ichi zvakanyanya zvinogona kusanganisira:
- musoro, dzungu, kuda kurutsa, kurutsa
- kudikitira zvakanyanya, kuwedzera mate
- kufema zvishoma, kukosora, kurwadziwa pachipfuva
- kuona zvisipo, pfari muzviitiko zvakakomba
Kana munhu akabatwa zvakanyanya, chirwere ichi chinogona kufambira mberi kusvika pakukundikana kufema zvine njodzi. Panguva imwe chete, kugara kwenguva refu (kugara kwenguva pfupi kwenguva yakareba) kunoramba kuri kunetseka nekuti kunogona kukonzerwa nezvirwere zvetsinga, kusanyatsoteerera, nezvimwe migumisiro yehutano, kunyangwe humbowo nehukuru hwenjodzi zvingasiyana pachinhu chimwe nechimwe.
Saka, vashandi vanowanzosangana nemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphate—yakadai sevarimi, ma sprayers, vashandi vemudura remishonga yezvipembenene—vanoda kudzidziswa kuchengetedzeka uye kuongororwa hutano nguva nenguva pese pazvinogoneka.
Kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu
Munharaunda, organophosphates inogona kusvibisa ivhu nemvura kuburikidza nekushandisa zvakanyanya, kurasa marara zvisina kunaka, kana kuyerera kubva muvhu panguva yemvura. Mishonga iyi inogona kukanganisa zvisikwa zvisiri zvemhuka zvakaita sezvipembenene zvinobereka, hove, nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemumvura.
Panyaya yekuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, masara e organophosphate muzvigadzirwa zvekurima inyaya yakakosha. Mitemo inowanzo gadzira Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti chikafu chakachengeteka kudyiwa. Kuchengetedza nguva yekukohwa usati wapedza kupfapfaidza kwakakosha kuderedza masara kusvika padanho rinogamuchirika.
Nheyo dzekushandisa zvakachengeteka uye zvine mutoro
Kuti uwane mabhenefiti e organophosphates pasina njodzi huru, nheyo dzinotevera dzakakosha:
1. Tevedzera zvakanyorwa papepa uye mwero unokurudzirwa.
Usawedzera mushonga uchifunga kuti mhedzisiro iri nani. Kunwa mushonga wakawandisa kunowedzera njodzi yekukuvadzwa ne chepfu uye kusaririra kwemishonga.
2. Shandisa Midziyo Yekudzivirira Munhu (PPE)
Zvishoma zvinosanganisira magirovhosi, chifukidziro/chinofemesa chakakodzera, zvidziviriro zvemaziso, shati ine maoko marefu, uye shangu dzakavharika.
3. Teererai kutungamirirwa nemhepo nemamiriro ekunze
Kupfapfaidza kana mhepo ine simba kunowedzera kuyerera kwemvura (kutakurwa nemhepo) kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kusanganisira matsime emvura kana nzvimbo dzekugara.
4. Chengeta uye rasa kurongedza zvakanaka
Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inofanira kuchengetwa kure nechikafu uye kure nevana. Kurongedza hakufanirwe kushandiswazve uye kunofanira kuraswa zvichienderana nemitemo yemuno.
5. Shandisa Kutarisirwa Kwezvipembenene Zvakasanganiswa (IPM)
Koshesai kutarisa zvipembenene, kuchinjanisa zvinhu zvinoshanda, kushandisa vavengi vezvisikwa, uye nzira dzekurima dzinoderedza kuwanda kwezvipembenene. Mishonga yezvipembenene inzira yekupedzisira uye inofanira kushandiswa nekusarudza.
6. Kudzidziswa kwevashandisi nedzidzo
Zviitiko zvakawanda zvekuchetura zvinokonzerwa nekushaikwa kweruzivo. Kudzidziswa pakusanganisa, kupfapfaidza, uye rubatsiro rwekutanga kunobatsira zvikuru.
Mirayiridzo yemutemo uye dzimwe nzira
Munyika dzakawanda, mitemo pamusoro pe organophosphates iri kuramba ichioma. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakarambidzwa kana kurambidzwa nekuda kwekunetseka nezvematambudziko ehutano nezvakatipoteredza. Panguva imwe chete, tsvakurudzo iri kufambira mberi kune mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakasarudzwa, mishonga yakachengeteka, uye nzira dzisiri dzemakemikari dzakadai sekudzora zvipenyu, misungo yepheromone, uye mhando dzemiti inodzivirira zvipembenene.
Zvisinei, kuchinja kune dzimwe nzira kunoda rutsigiro rwemitemo, mukana wekuwana tekinoroji, uye kurairirwa kwevarimi kudzivirira kudzikira kwegoho. Muchokwadi, kushandiswa kwe organophosphate kunoramba kuripo nekuda kwemutengo wayo wakakwira, kuwanikwa kwayo, uye kushanda kwayo zvakanaka.
Mhedziso
Mishonga yeOrganophosphate ine basa guru, kunyanya mukudzora zvipembenene zvekurima nezvirwere, pamwe chete nemashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana emaindasitiri. Kunyange zvazvo mabhenefiti ayo ari pachena mukutsigira kugadzirwa kwechikafu nehutano hweveruzhinji, inewo njodzi dzakakomba kana paine mukana wekushandisa mishonga iyi usingadzoreki. Chinokosha ndechekushandisa mushonga wakakodzera, kushandisa PPE yakakodzera, kutevedzera nguva yekumirira, uye kushandisa IPM kuderedza kuvimba nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Nekushandisa nzira ine mutoro uye mitemo yakasimba, mishonga yeOrganophosphate inogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka uku ichiri kuchengetedza vanhu nenharaunda.
