Nzira dzekuziva tupukanana muMhuka
Chipembenene chinhu chipenyu chinorarama kana chiri mukati memhuka, zvichikonzera kukuvara kune mhuka yacho muchimiro chechirwere kana kumwe kutambura. Kuziva tupukanana mumhuka idanho rakakosha mukurapa kwezvipfuyo nekutarisira hutano hwezvipfuyo, kudzivirira nekugadzirisa tupukanana tunogona kukanganisa hutano nekubudirira kwemhuka. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandiswa kuona tupukanana mumhuka, uye chinyorwa chino chichakurukura nzira idzi zvakadzama.
Microscopic
Nzira dze microscopic ndeimwe yenzira dzakajairika dzekuziva tupukanana mumhuka. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kuongorora mienzaniso yemuviri yakadai seropa, tsvina, ganda, kana nyama inofungidzirwa kuti ine tupukanana.
1. Kuongororwa kweBlood Smears: Bvunzo iyi inowanzoitwa kuti ione tupukanana tweropa twakadai seprotozoa (semuenzaniso, Plasmodium, inokonzera malaria) nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ehonye. Ropa rinotorwa kubva kumhuka rozozorwa zvishoma pagirazi, rozora dhayi chaiyo (yakadai saGiemsa kana Wright's), rozoongororwa pasi pemakroskopu.
2. Kuongorora tsvina: Kuongorora tsvina kunowanzo shandiswa kuona tupukanana twemudumbu, senge roundworms, tapeworms, uye protozoa. Nzira dzakadai seflotation kana sedimentation dzinoshandiswa kupatsanura mazai etupukanana kana oocysts kubva kune mamwe tsvina, ayo anozoongororwa nemaikorosikopu.
3. Kukwenya ganda: Nzira iyi inoshandiswa kuona tupukanana tweganda twakaita semakonzo. Kukwenya ganda kunoitwa panzvimbo inofungidzirwa uye muenzaniso wacho unoongororwa nemaikorosikopu.
Kurapa kweSerological
Kuongororwa kwemasero eropa kunosanganisira kuona maantigen kana ma antibodies kuzvipembenene zviri muropa remhuka. Nzira iyi inobatsira pakuona hutachiona hwezvipembenene hunonetsa kuongororwa zvakananga kuburikidza ne microscopy.
1. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kuona nekuyera ma antibodies ezvipembenene kana ma antigen mu serum. Nheyo huru yeELISA ndeyekuti ma antigen chaiwo kana ma antibodies anosunga pamusoro wakafukidzwa ne antigen chaiyo kana antibody, ipapo kuonekwa kunoitika kuburikidza ne enzymatic reaction inogadzira shanduko yeruvara inogona kuyerwa nehuwandu.
2. Kuyedzwa kweImmunofluorescence (IFA): IFA inosanganisira kushandiswa kwema antibodies ane tag ine fluorochromes kuti aone kuvapo kwezvipembenene mumuenzaniso. Kana ma antibodies akasunga kune ma antigen ezvipembenene, complex yacho inogona kuonekwa pasi pe fluorescence microscope.
Molecular
Nzira dzemamorekuru dziri kuwana mukurumbira mukuziva tupukanana nekuti dzinopa hunhu hwakanyanya uye hunonyatsoratidza kuti tupukanana twakasiyana sei. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kuongorora DNA kana RNA yetupukanana.
1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR inzira yemolecule inoshandiswa kuwedzera zvidimbu zveDNA kubva kuzvipembenene, zvichibvumira kuonekwa kunyangwe muhuwandu hushoma. Nzira iyi inobatsira zvikuru pakuona zvipembenene zvakaoma kuziva uchishandisa nzira dzechinyakare, dzakadai semamwe mapurotozoa nemavhairasi.
2. Real-Time PCR (qPCR): Nzira iyi ikuvandudza PCR yakajairika, zvichibvumira kuyerwa kweDNA reparasite panguva chaiyo mumuenzaniso. qPCR inopa mabhenefiti ekumhanya uye quantification, uye yakakodzera zvirinani kuongororwa kwakakura.
3. Kutevedzana: Kutevedzana kweDNA kunopa ruzivo rwakadzama nezve genome yeparasite. Kutevedzana kweDNA kunogona kuona mhando dzeparasite zvichibva pa nucleotide sequences dziri muDNA kana RNA yavo. Nekufambira mberi muhunyanzvi, kutevedzana kwegenomic kwave nyore uye kuri kushandiswa kuona nekudzidza parasite zvakadzama.
Zvirwere zveHistopathological
Kuongororwa kwezvipenyu zvemhuka kunosanganisira kuongorora nemaikorosikopu masero asina kugadzika uye ane mavara kuti vaone kukuvara kana shanduko dzinokonzerwa nezvipenyu. Nzira iyi inobatsira zvikuru pakudzidza hutachiona hunokanganisa nhengo dzemukati memhuka.
1. Histology: Kuongorora histological kunosanganisira kutora sampuro yenyama, kazhinji kuburikidza ne biopsy, wozoigadzirisa kuti iongororwe uchishandisa maikorosikopu. Mavara akadai se hematoxylin ne eosin (H&E) anowanzo shandiswa kuratidza chimiro cheparasite uye shanduko dzehistological munyama yemunhu.
2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): IHC inzira inoshandisa masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anobatana nemaantigen ezvipembenene munyama. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave neruzivo rwakakura pamusoro pezvipembenene, zvichipa ruzivo nezvenzvimbo uye kukanganisa kwehutachiona hwezvipembenene mumunhu wacho.
tsika nemagariro
Zvimwe zvipembenene zvinogona kurimwa murabhoritari kuti zvionekwe uye zviongororwe zvakanyanya.
1. Tsika dzeProtozoa: MaProtozoa akadai seGiardia neTrichomonas anogona kurimwa munzvimbo dzakagadzirwa dzinokurudzira kukura kwawo. Tsika iyi inobvumira kuzivikanwa kwemaumbirwo emhuka zviri nyore uye inotsigira kumwe kuongorora kwemamorekuru.
2. Kukura kwemhuka dzinonzi arthropod: Dzimwe mhuka dzinonzi arthropod dzakadai sezvikwekwe nezvikwekwe dzinogona kurimwa pasi pemamiriro emurabhoritari kuti dzionekwe sedziripo uye kuti dziongororwe nezvezvirwere.
Nzira yeFlow Cytometry
Flow cytometry inzira yekurabhoritari inoshandiswa kuona nekuyera hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari emasero kana zvidimbu zvinoyerera nemurwizi. Kunyange zvazvo zvichinyanya kushandiswa mukutsvaga kwemasero nezvirwere, nzira iyi inogonawo kushandiswa pakuziva tupukanana.
1. Kugadzira hutachiona hwemuviri: Panyaya yezvipembenene, ma antibodies ane mazita anogona kushandiswa kuona masero ane hutachiona kana mhando dzezvipembenene zvichienderana nezviratidzo zvemuviri.
2. Kuongororwa kweDNA: Kuyerera kwemvura kunogona kushandiswawo kuongorora huwandu hweDNA uye kutenderera kwehupenyu hwezvipembenene, zvichipa ruzivo nezvehuwandu uye danho rekukura kwezvipembenene mumuenzaniso.
Zviratidzo zveMajini neBiomolecular
Zviratidzo zvemajini ne biomolecular zvinoshandiswa pakuziva tupukanana nemarudzi atwo.
1. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism): RFLP inzira inosanganisira kucheka DNA ne restriction enzymes uye kuongorora maitiro ezvidimbu zveDNA. Iyi nzira inobatsira pakusiyanisa mhando dzezvipembenene kana mhando dzezvirwere zvichibva pakusiyana kwema genome azvo.
2. Kuongorora Microsatellite: Kuongorora microsatellite kunoshandisa DNA pfupi, inodzokororwa kusiyanisa pakati pevanhu kana mapoka ezvipembenene. Iyi nzira inopa kugona kwakasimba pakudzidza chimiro chemapoka ezvipembenene uye epidemiology.
Nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana idzi, kuziva tupukanana mumhuka kwave kwakanyatsojeka uye kunoshanda. Musanganiswa wenzira idzi unowanzo shandiswa kuona kuti pane chirwere chakakodzera uye kupa ruzivo runodiwa pakurapa zvinobudirira uye nzira dzekudzivirira tupukanana.
