Geophysics uye Kuzivikanwa kweAquifer Layers
Kuwanikwa kwemvura yakachena inyaya yakakosha munzvimbo dzakawanda, kunyanya idzo dziri kusangana nekukura kwevanhu nekukurumidza, shanduko dzekushandiswa kwevhu, uye kuchinja kwakanyanya kwemamiriro ekunze. Pasinei nematambudziko aya, mvura yepasi pevhu inoramba iri sosi yemvura yakavimbika nekuti inochengetwa pasi pevhu uye inowanzo dzivirirwa zviri nani kubva mukupwa uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Zvisinei, kuwana nekugadzira mapa emvura yepasi pevhu kunoda zvinopfuura kungofungidzira kana ruzivo rwemumunda. Maitiro esainzi anodiwa anogona "kuona" pasi pevhu pasina kuchera zvakanyanya. Apa ndipo panoita basa guru mukuona aquifer layers.
Kunzwisisa matsime emvura uye kuti nei achifanira kuzivikanwa
Aquifer idombo kana pasi pevhu rinogona kuchengetedza nekutumira mvura yakawanda. Aquifers inowanzo umbwa nezvinhu zvinopinda mvura zvakaita sejecha, matombo, jecha, kana limestone yakatyoka. Kusiyana neizvi, maturikirwo asingapindi mvura kana kuti ane mvura shoma—senge ivhu kana marl—anowanzo nzi aquicludes kana aquitards, izvo zvinowanzo kanganisa kufamba kwemvura.
Kuziva nzvimbo dzinocherwa mvura yemugungwa kwakakosha pazvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana: kuziva nzvimbo dzinocherwa mvura yemugungwa, kuronga nzira dzekupa mvura yekunwa, kudiridza kwekurima, kuongorora kusanaya kwemvura kunogona kuitika, uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemvura yepasi pevhu. Kusanzwisisa nzvimbo, kudzika, uye ukobvu hwenzvimbo dzinocherwa mvura yemugungwa kunogona kukonzera matsime akaoma, kuyerera kwemvura kwakaderera, kunaka kwemvura, kana mitengo yekucherwa yakawanda.
Basa re geophysics muzvidzidzo zvepasi pevhu
Geophysics isainzi inodzidza hunhu hwepasi uye inohushandisa kutsanangura maumbirwo ari pasi pevhu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu epasi pevhu, nzira dze geophysical dzinoshandisa kusiyana kwezvinhu zvepanyama zvakaita semagetsi ekudzivirira, seismic wave velocity, density, magnetism, uye electromagnetic response kusiyanisa mhando dze lithology nemamiriro emvura.
Zvakanakira zvikuru zve geophysics ndezvekuti haiparadzi zvakanyanya, nzvimbo yakakura yekuvhara, uye kugona kwayo kupa mufananidzo wekutanga usati wachera zvinodhura. Geophysics inobvumirawo kupatsanurwa kwemvura (kumativi) uye kudzika kwemvura (kudzika) kwenzvimbo dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzine mvura.
Nzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu geophysical
1) Nzira yekudzivirira simba remagetsi
Nzira yekudzivirira geoelectric ndeimwe yenzira dzakakurumbira dzekutsvaga pasi pevhu. Nheyo yacho iri nyore: magetsi anopinzwa muvhu kuburikidza neelectrode, ipapo musiyano wezvinogona kuitika unoyerwa kune imwe electrode. Kubva pakuyera uku, kukosha kwekudzivirira kunoonekwa, uko kunozoshandurwa kuita modhi yekudzivirira pasi pevhu.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda, zvikamu zvakazara nemvura zvinowanzova nekusagadzikana kwakaderera pane zvikamu zvakaoma, kunyanya kana mvura ine huwandu hwakawanda hwezvicherwa zvakanyungudutswa (ions). Zvisinei, kududzirwa kwekusagadzikana hakusi nguva dzose "nhema nechena." Semuenzaniso, ivhu rinogonawo kuva nekusagadzikana kwakaderera nekuda kwehunhu hwezvicherwa zvevhu, nokudaro "zvichitevedzera" mhinduro yemvura yepasi. Nokudaro, kududzirwa kunofanirwa kufunga nezvemamiriro enzvimbo uye, pazvinogoneka, kuenzaniswa nedata rekuboorera.
Magadzirirwo akajairika ekuyera anosanganisira Schlumberger naWenner ekutsvaga manzwi (kutsvaga kusiyana kwemativi), uye Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) yekuona mamepu e2D/3D ane ruzivo rwakadzama. ERT inonyanya kubatsira pakuona miganhu yezvikamu, nzvimbo dzinochinja mamiriro ekunze, kana mitsetse yakatyoka inoshanda semvura.
2) Nzira yePolarization (IP) Inokurudzirwa
Nzira yeIP inowanzobatanidzwa neresistivity. IP inoyera kugona kwechigadzirwa kuchengetedza chaji yemagetsi kwenguva pfupi mushure mekunge magetsi amira. Kukosha kwekuchaja kwakanyanya kunowanzobatanidzwa nezvinhu zvevhu kana mamwe mamineralizations. Muzvidzidzo zveaquifer, IP inobatsira kusiyanisa zvidimbu zvekuramba zvishoma zvinokonzerwa nevhu (high chargeability) kubva kune zvidimbu zvekuramba zvishoma zvinokonzerwa nemvura yepasi (low chargeability). Musanganiswa weresistivity-IP unogona kuvandudza kururama pakusarudza zvinangwa zvekuboorera.
3) Nzira yeElectromagnetic (EM)
Nzira dzeEM—dzakadai seTEM (Transient Electromagnetic) kana FDEM (Frequency Domain EM)—dzinotarisa mafambiro emvura pasi pevhu pasina kubata zvakananga pasi (zvichienderana nechishandiso). EM inoshanda zvikuru pakuongorora nekukurumidza, munzvimbo yakakura uye inowanzoshandiswa kuona nzvimbo dzemvura, miganhu yekupinda kwemvura yegungwa munzvimbo dzegungwa, kana nzvimbo dzinofambisa mvura dzine chekuita nevhu nemvura ine mvura.
Semuenzaniso, munzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe, mvura yepasi inopindwa nemvura yegungwa inofambisa mvura zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti ionekwe zviri nyore uchishandisa nzira dzeEM uye resistivity. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha kudzivirira kuchera munzvimbo dzisina kunaka kwemvura.
4) Nzira dzekudengenyeka kwenyika (refraction neMASW)
Nzira dzeSeismic dzinoshandisa kupararira kwemafungu anonamira muvhu. Mukugadziriswa kwemafungu, nguva yekufamba kwemafungu kubva kunobva kuenda kugeophone inoongororwa kuita mamodheru zvichienderana nekusiyana kwekumhanya kwemafungu. Panguva iyi, MASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves) inoongorora mafungu epamusoro kuti iwane ma profiles ekumhanya kwemafungu (Vs).
Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzekusimudzira kudengenyeka kwenyika dzisingayere mvura zvakananga, kuchinja kwekuzara kwayo, mwero wemamiriro ekunze, kusimba kwayo, uye lithology zvinokanganisa zvikuru kumhanya kwemafungu. Matanda asina kusimba ane mukana wekuumba aquifers asina kudzika anowanzova nehunhu hwakasiyana hwekukurumidza uye musiyano wakajeka kune matombo akamanikana. Nzira dzekusimudzira kudengenyeka kwenyika dzinobatsirawo pakugadzira ukobvu hwemvura (overburden), kudzika kwematombo, uye zvivakwa zvakaita sezvikanganiso zvinogona kudzora kuyerera kwemvura pasi pevhu.
5) Radar Inopinda Muvhu (GPR)
GPR inoshandisa mafungu emagetsi ane frequency yakakwira kuti igadzire zvivakwa zvisina kudzika zvine resolution yakakwira. Nzira iyi inoshanda pazvinhu zvinodzivirira uye zvakaoma, zvakaita sejecha, asi mashandiro ayo anodzikira muvhu rinofambisa mvura kana ivhu rakazara nemvura nekuda kwekuderera kwechiratidzo. Mumamiriro emvura, GPR inobatsira pakugadzira stratification isina kudzika, nzira dzekare, kana zvidimbu zvejecha zvinoumba mvura isina kudzika, kunyanya pakadzika kwemamita mashoma kusvika kumakumi emamita.
Kushanda kwekuziva aquifer kwakavakirwa pa geophysical
Chidzidzo che aquifer chakanaka chinowanzo tevera mafambiro ebasa akabatanidzwa. Kutanga, chidzidzo chekutanga chinoitwa: kuunganidza mamepu e geology, geomorphology, mifananidzo yesatellite, data re topographic, mashandisirwo evhu, mvura inonaya, uye ruzivo rwematsime aripo (kudzika kwetafura yemvura yepasi, kubudiswa, uye mhando yemvura). Danho iri rinobatsira kugadzira modhi yekutanga, kusanganisira rudzi rwe aquifer inofungidzirwa (isina kuvharirwa kana kuvharirwa), mafambiro ekuyerera, uye nzvimbo yekuchajazve.
Chechipiri, ongororo ye geophysical inoitwa zvichibva pahudzamu hwechinangwa nemamiriro enzvimbo. Kune mvura yakadzika, kurira kwe resistivity kana TEM kunowanzo sarudzwa; pakugadzira mamepu akadzama enzira dzakatarwa, 2D/3D ERT ndiyo inosarudzwa; kuti paonekwe hudzamu hwedombo uye ukobvu hwe sediment, seismic refraction kana MASW zvinogona kuwedzera.
Chechitatu, data rinogadziriswa uye rinoshandurwa kuti rigadzire modhi yepasi pevhu. Mhedzisiro yekupindurwa inobva yatsanangurwa maererano ne geology: kuona miganhu yezvikamu, kutara nzvimbo dzinogona kunge dzakazara, kuona zvikamu zvisingapindi mvura, uye kunzwisisa zvivakwa zvinodzora zvakaita sezvikanganiso kana kupwanyika. Chechina, dudziro inosimbiswa zvichienderana nechokwadi chevhu, semuenzaniso, data rekucherwa, kucherwa kwenzvimbo dzemvura, kana bvunzo dzekupomba kuti uone miganhu ye hydrogeological senge transmissivity uye storage coefficient.
Matambudziko ekududzira uye kukosha kwekubatanidzwa kwedata
Pasinei nekubatsira kwayo, geophysics ine miganhu. Kukosha kwakafanana kwekudzivirira kunogona kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana (kusanzwisisika), kusimba kwemvura kunoderedzwa nedzimwe nzira, uye mamiriro emumunda akadai seruzha rwemagetsi, kupinda kwenzvimbo, kana zvivakwa zvepamusoro zvinogona kukanganisa kunaka kwedata. Uyezve, hunhu hwemvura yepasi pevhu—senge munyu—hunokanganisa zvakanyanya mhinduro. Mvura yakachena mujecha inogona kuratidza kusimba kwemvura pakati nepakati, nepo mvura ine brackish kana munyu ichiburitsa kusimba kwakaderera.
Saka, kuzivikanwa kweaquifer kwakavimbika kunowanikwa kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwe geophysics, geology, uye hydrogeology. Ruzivo rwekuchera runoita kuti pave nechokwadi che lithology, ukuwo bvunzo dzekupomba dzichisimbisa kana aquifer ichibereka kana kwete. Geophysics, kune rumwe rutivi, inobatsira kuwedzera ruzivo rwenzvimbo dzekuboorera mumepu yakakura yekugovera uye kuderedza njodzi yenzvimbo dzisina kunaka dzekuboorera.
Penutup
Geophysics chishandiso chakakosha pakuziva zviri nani uye nesainzi zvikamu zve aquifer. Nekushandisa kusiyana kwezvinhu zviri pasi pevhu, nzira dzakadai se resistivity, IP, EM, seismic, uye GPR dzinogona kupa ruzivo rwemaumbirwo, kudzika, uye kupararira kwezvikamu zvinogona kuchengetedza mvura yepasi. Zvisinei, kududzira kunobudirira kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekunzwisisa geology yemuno uye kubatanidzwa nedata remunda senge kuchera uye kuyedzwa kwe hydrogeological.
Munguva ino yekudiwa kwemvura kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwefizikisi yenzvimbo kunogona kubatsira nharaunda, hurumende, nemaindasitiri kuita sarudzo dzinoenderana nedata: kubva pakutsvaga matsime anobereka uye kudzivirira nzvimbo dzemvura yemunyu kusvika pakuchengetedza kushandiswa kwemvura yepasi pevhu nenzira inochengetedza. Saka, fizikisi yenzvimbo haisi kungo "nzira yekuwana mvura," asi hwaro hwakakosha hwekutarisira zvine hungwaru zviwanikwa zvepasi pevhu.
