Kushandiswa kweGeophysics muKutarisira Nzvimbo dzeMapoka
Kutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura (DAS) inzira yakabatana yekuchengetedza chiyero pakati pekuwanikwa kwemvura, kunaka kwezvakatipoteredza, uye zvinodiwa nemagariro evanhu munharaunda. Nzvimbo dzemvura hadzingosanganisire rwizi rukuru chete asiwo nzvimbo yese yemvura—kubva kumusoro, kuburikidza nemateru, kusvika pasi—izvo zvakabatana kuburikidza nemaitiro emvura, geological, uye ecological. Mukuita, kutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura kunowanzo sangana nematambudziko akadai semafashamo, kusanaya kwemvura, kukurwa kwevhu, kudonha kwevhu, kudzikira kwehuwandu hwemvura pasi pevhu, kudonha kwevhu, uye kusvibiswa. Kuti igadzirise matambudziko aya, geophysics inzira yakakosha nekuti inogona "kuona" mamiriro epasi pevhu pasina kuchera kana kukuvadza nharaunda. Ichishandisa nzira dzekuyera zvichibva pahunhu hwematombo nevhu, geophysics inobatsira kupa data rinodiwa pakuronga, kuderedza, uye kuongorora mapurogiramu ekutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura.
Basa reGeophysics mukunzwisisa masisitimu eWatershed
Mawatershed masisitimu akaomarara anodzorwa nekubatana kwemvura inonaya, kupinda, kuyerera kwemvura pamusoro, kuyerera kwemvura pasi pevhu, lithology, chimiro che geological, uye kushandiswa kwevhu. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvakakosha zvewatershed zviri pasi pevhu, zvakaita sekudzika kwevhu rakanyorova, ukobvu hwe alluvial sediment, nzvimbo yetafura yemvura, nzira dzekuyerera kwemvura yepasi pevhu, uye nzvimbo dzakatyoka kana dzisina kunaka dzinogona kushanda se "migwagwa mikuru" yekufamba kwemvura netsvina. Apa ndipo panopinda geophysics: kuyera mhinduro yezvinhu (semuenzaniso, resistivity yemagetsi, seismic wave velocity, kana electromagnetic fields) kuti titsanangure chimiro uye hunhu hwe subsurface hydrogeology.
Neruzivo urwu, vatariri vemadhamu emvura vanogona kuita sarudzo dzinobva pauchapupu, kwete kungofungidzira chete. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzematsime emvura, madhamu emvura, kana madhamu ekuongorora mvura dzinogona kutsanangurwa nemazvo; nzvimbo dzinokanganiswa nekudonha kwemvura dzinogona kurongwa kare; uye hukama huripo pakati pemvura yepamusoro nemvura yepasi pevhu hunogona kunzwisiswa kuti hunoramba huchienderera mberi nekuyerera kwenzizi munguva yekusanaya kwemvura.
Nzira Dzinowanzo shandiswa dzeGeophysical
1. Geoelectric (Electrical Resistivity Tomography/ERT neVES)
Nzira dzemagetsi dzinoyera simba rekudzivirira ivhu nematombo kusvika kumagetsi. Zvinhu zvakazara nemvura zvinowanzova nesimba rekudzivirira rakaderera pane zvinhu zvakaoma, nepo ivhu rinowanzova nesimba rekudzivirira rakaderera nekuda kwesimba raro rekufambisa mhepo.
Muchirevo cheDAS, ERT neVertical Electrical Sounding (VES) zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pa:
– Tsvaga kudzika kwemvura yakadzika uye isina kudzika.
– Kugadzira mepu yehukobvu hwemadhaka emvura munzvimbo dzine mafashamo.
– Kuona nzvimbo dzinoyerera mvura mumigero, madhamu madiki, kana mahombekombe erwizi.
– Tsvaga kupindira kwemvura ine munyu munzvimbo dziri pasi perwizi pedyo negungwa (kana mvura ikapinda mugungwa).
- Tsvaga nzvimbo dzinogona kuwanikwa matsime akacherwa uye matsime ekupinda mumvura.
Zvakanakira zvikuru zve geoelectricity ndezvekuti inokurumidza, inodhura zvishoma pane dzimwe nzira, uye inonzwa zvakanyanya kana mvura ichichinja.
2. Kutenderera kwenyika (Refraction neMASW)
Nzira dzeSeismic dzinoshandisa mafungu anonamira pasi pevhu kuti dziongorore kumhanya kwekukura kwemafungu. Kuongororwa kwemafungu neMultichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) zvinonyanya kubatsira pakuongorora kuomarara kwevhu, kudzika kwematombo, uye ukobvu hwechikamu chepasi.
Mukutarisira nzvimbo dzine mvura, kutenderera kwepasi kunobatsira:
– Kugadzira mepu yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kukanganiswa nekudengenyeka kwenyika kuburikidza nekuona zvidimbu zvisina kusimba (semuenzaniso ivhu rakadonha) nenzvimbo dzinogona kutsvedza.
- Kuronga kugadzikana kwemawere ari kumusoro kwerwizi ane mawere akakora.
- Sarudza nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzekugadzirisa mafashamo akadai semakomba kana madhamu.
- Kufungidzira hunhu hwe geotechnical hune chekuita nekukukurwa kwematombo uye kugadzikana kwemateru.
Nzira iyi inonyanya kukosha munzvimbo dzine makomo dzinowanzosangana nekudonha kwevhu uye kuwanda kwejecha munzizi.
3. Radar Inopinda Muvhu (GPR)
GPR inoshandisa mafungu emagetsi ane frequency yakakwira kuti iongorore zvivakwa zvisina kudzika zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe kupinda kwayo kuchigumira pakadzika kwakati (zvichienderana nerudzi rwevhu uye huwandu hwemvura), GPR inobatsira zvikuru pakuferefeta kwakadzama.
Mashandisirwo eGPR munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura anosanganisira:
- Kuonekwa kwejecha risina kudzika pamahombekombe erwizi.
– Tsvaga makomba kana mapaipi ari mumigero yemvura uye muzvivakwa zvekudzivirira mafashamo.
- Kugadzira mepu yemigero midiki iri pasi pevhu (mapaleochannels) inokanganisa kuyerera kwemvura.
– Ongorora mamiriro emadziro emvura kana madhamu madiki pasina kupwanywa.
GPR yakakodzera ongororo dzinokurumidza munzvimbo dzakamanikana dzinoda ruzivo rwakadzama.
4. Electromagnetic (EM) uye Magnetic
Nzira dzemagetsi (semuenzaniso, EM induction) dzinogona kukurumidza kuona mafambiro emvura pasi pevhu, kunyanya pakuongorora kwenzvimbo. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzira dzemagetsi dzinogona kubatsira kuona misiyano iri mumatombo kana magadzirirwo epasi pevhu anokanganisa masisitimu ekuyerera kwemvura pasi pevhu.
Mukutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura, EM inowanzoshandiswa pa:
– Kuyera munyu nekupararira kwetsvina (nekuti mvura dzinofambisa mvura dzinowedzera kufambisa mvura).
- Ongorora misiyano yehuwandu hwemvura muvhu zvichienderana nehukuru hwenzvimbo.
- Kurumidza kutsanangura miganhu yelithological yekuronga kuchengetedza ivhu.
5. Gravimetry (Ine Muganhu Asi Inoshanda)
Gravimetry inoyera kusiyana kwekumhanya kwesimba regiravhiti kunoenderana nekusiyana kwekuwanda kwepasi pevhu. Kunyange zvazvo isiri nguva dzose sarudzo yekutanga yenzvimbo diki dzemvura, gravimetry inogona kushanda muzvidzidzo zvemabheseni makuru epasi pevhu kana pakufungidzira mativi ematombo ari mumipata mikuru yealluvial.
Mupiro weGeophysics kuNyaya Dzinokosha dzeMatunhu emvura
Kuderedza Mafashamo uye Kudzora Mvura Inopinda Nemvura
Mafashamo haangokanganisirwi nemvura yakawanda chete asiwo nekukwanisa kupinda kwemvura, mamiriro evhu, uye kubatana kwemvura pasi pevhu. Geophysics inobatsira kuronga nzvimbo dzevhu rakazara, zvikamu zvisingapindi mvura (semuenzaniso ivhu gobvu), uye nzira dzinofarirwa dzekuyerera kwemvura. Ruzivo urwu runobatsira ku:
– Kuona nzvimbo yemadziva ekuchengetera mvura uye matsime ekupinza mvura.
- Kugadzirisa ivhu munzvimbo dzinonyanya kushanda zvakanaka pakuchengetedza mvura inoyerera.
- Kuongororwa kwenzira dzinodonhedza mvura kana kuti dzinodonhedza mvura mumigero yerwizi.
Kuchengetedza Mvura Yepasi Uye Kutsungirira Kusanaya Kwemvura
Munguva yekusanaya kwemvura, kubuda kwemvura pasi perwizi kunowanzoenderana nekupa kwemvura pasi pevhu. Uchishandisa geoelectrical neEM, nzvimbo dzemvura yepasi pevhu uye nzira dzekuyerera kwemvura pasi pevhu zvinogona kurongwa kuti zvienderane ne:
- Matsime ekugadzira kana matsime ekutarisa anogona kuiswa nemazvo.
- Nzvimbo dzekuchaja dzinogona kudzivirirwa kubva pakushandurwa kwevhu zvakanyanya.
- Kusawirirana kwekushandiswa kwemvura yepasi pevhu kunogona kuderedzwa kuburikidza neruzivo rwakajeka.
Kukukurwa kwevhu, Kucherwa kwevhu, uye Kudzora Kudonha kwevhu
Kukukurwa kwevhu nekudonha kwevhu munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzenzvimbo dzemvura kunowedzera kudonha kwemvura munzizi, migero isina kudzika, uye kuwedzera mafashamo ari pasi pemvura. Nzira dzekudengenyeka kwenyika nedzemagetsi dzinogona kuona ukobvu hwevhu rakakanganiswa, nzvimbo dzisina kusimba, uye huwandu hwemvura inoyerera hunokonzera kudonha kwevhu. Nemamepu ane ruzivo rwakadzama, zviito zvakaita sekusima miti patsva, kugadzira matuta, kubvisa mvura mumatsetse, kana kusimbisa mahombekombe zvinogona kukosheswa munzvimbo dziri panjodzi huru.
Kusvibiswa Kwezvakatipoteredza uye Kutarisa Hunhu
Kusvibiswa kunobva mumarara emumba, ezvekurima, uye emaindasitiri kunogona kupinda mumvura yepasi pevhu uye kwozodzokera munzizi. Nzira dzeGeoelectric neEM dzinogona kuona kusarongeka kwekufambisa mvura kunokonzerwa nemapombi ane tsvina. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri kutsiva ongororo yemakemikari, geophysics inobatsira zvikuru kune:
- Sarudza divi uye huwandu hwekutanga kwekupararira kwehutachiona.
- Kusarudza nzvimbo dzinonyanya kusarudzwa dzemvura yepasi pevhu.
– Tarisa kushanda kwekugadzirisa kana kugadzirisa masisitimu ehutsanana.
Kubatanidzwa kweGeophysics neDzimwe Data
Kuti mhedzisiro ye geophysical ive nemhedzisiro chaiyo pane mutemo we watershed, data re geophysical rinofanira kubatanidzwa ne:
– Ruzivo rwemvura (mvura inonaya, kubuda kwemvura, huwandu hwemvura).
– Ruzivo rwezve geomorphological (lithology, chimiro, mamepu ekutsetseka).
– Kuona zviri kure (kufukidzwa kwevhu, hunyoro hwevhu, kuchinja kwemiti).
- Masisitimu eruzivo rwenzvimbo (GIS) ekuongorora nzvimbo uye kugadzira modhi.
Kubatanidzwa uku kunogonesa kugadzirwa kwemamodheru emvura akasimba, kuronga kwakavakirwa pamamiriro ezvinhu, uye kuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvinotarisirwa kupindira.
Matambudziko nemikana yekushandiswa
Kushandiswa kwe geophysics munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura kunounza matambudziko akati wandei: kududzira data kunoda hunyanzvi, mhedzisiro yacho haina kunanga (inofanira kuenzaniswa nedata rekuboorera kana samples), uye kupinda mumunda kwakaganhurirwa munzvimbo dzakaoma kana dzine miti. Zvisinei, mikana yacho yakakoshawo. Kuvandudzwa kwezvishandiso zviri kutakurika zviri kuwedzera, matekiniki ekuchinja akagadziridzwa, uye kubatanidzwa nemadrone uye kuona kure zviri kugadzira nzira yemepu yenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura nekukurumidza uye kwakarurama.
Mhedziso
Geophysics chishandiso chakakosha mukutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura nekuti chinogona kupa ruzivo nezvemamiriro epasi pevhu akaoma kuwana uchishandisa nzira dzechinyakare. Vachishandisa nzira dzakadai segeoelectric, seismic, GPR, electromagnetic, uye (mune dzimwe nzvimbo) gravimetry, vanotarisira nzvimbo dzemvura vanogona kuvandudza kururama kwekuderedza mafashamo, kuchengetedza mvura yepasi pevhu, kudzora kudonha kwevhu uye kudonha kwevhu, uye kutarisa kusvibiswa kwevhu. Chinhu chikuru chekubudirira chiri mukubatanidza nzvimbo dzemvura nedata remvura, geological, uye GIS, zvichiita kuti sarudzo dzekutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura dzive dzinoshanda, dzinochinjika, uye dzinogara kwenguva refu.
