Nzira dzekuongorora Geophysical mukuchera matsime emvura
Kuwanikwa kwemvura yakachena chinhu chakakosha mumhuri, mukurima, mumaindasitiri, uye munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Zvisinei, kuwana nzvimbo dzemvura dzinobereka hazviwanzo kuve nyore, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mamiriro akaomarara enzvimbo kana uko mvura yepamusoro isina zvakawanda. Kuchera matsime emvura pasina ruzivo rwenzvimbo dziri pasi pevhu kunowanzo kuve nengozi: kuyerera kwakaderera, kunaka kwemvura, kana kudzika kwakanyanya kwekuchera, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera mari. Nokudaro, nzira dzekuongorora geophysical dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya sedanho rekutanga rekuferefeta kuti pave nematanho emamiriro ezvinhu pasi pevhu asingaparadzi, kufungidzira kudzika kwenzvimbo dzemvura, uye kuderedza kusava nechokwadi usati wachera.
Basa rekuongorora kwepasi pevhu mukutsvaga kwemvura yemugungwa
Ongororo dzeGeophysical dzinoshanda nekuyera mhinduro yePasi—yakadai sekudzivirira kwemagetsi, kumhanya kwemafungu epasi, kana shanduko yemunda wemagetsi—sezvinoenderana nerudzi rwedombo, huwandu hwemvura, huwandu hwemafungu, uye dzimwe nguva munyu. Mumamiriro etsime remvura, zvinangwa zvikuru inzvimbo dzine maburi kana dzakatsemuka, dzakazara nemvura, uye dzine mukana wakakwana wekuburitsa mvura. Mhedzisiro yeongororo yeGeophysical haitsivi kucherwa kwemvura, asi inobatsira kuona nzvimbo dzekucherwa kwemvura, kudzika kwechidzitiro, uye nzira dzekuvaka matsime.
Mukuita, ongororo dzezve geophysical dzinowanzo sanganiswa neruzivo rwezve geology pamusoro, mamepu ezve geological emunharaunda, data renzvimbo dzakatenderedza matsime, uye ruzivo rwezve hydrogeological munharaunda. Kubatanidzwa uku kwakakosha nekuti mhinduro dzezve geophysical dzinogona kunge dzisinganzwisisike: kukosha kwakafanana kunogona kumiririra zvinhu zvakasiyana kana mamiriro ekunze asina kunzwisiswa.
Nzira yekudzivirira geoelectric
Nzira inonyanya kufarirwa yekutsvaga mvura yepasi pevhu ndeye geoelectric resistivity. Nheyo yacho ndeyekuti magetsi anopinzwa muvhu kuburikidza ne electrode yemagetsi, ipapo musiyano wezvinogona unoyerwa kuburikidza ne potential electrode. Kubva pakuyera uku, resistivity inoonekwa inoverengwa, iyo inozodudzirwa kuita subsurface resistivity model.
Mukuongorora kwemvura, resistivity inowanzobatanidzwa ne:
– Kuumbwa kwezvinhu: ivhu rinowanzova nekusasimba kwakaderera; jecha-jecha rine kusimba kwakakwirira.
– Huremu hwemvura uye maburi: nzvimbo dzine mvura yakawanda dzinowanzo fambisa mvura kupfuura nzvimbo dzakaoma.
– Hunhu hwemvura: mvura ine munyu kana kuti ine brackish inoderedza kusimba kwemvura zvakanyanya.
Kugadziriswa uye rudzi rweongororo yekudzivirira
1. VES (Kurira Kwemagetsi Kwakatwasuka)
VES ine chinangwa chekuona shanduko mukudzivirira nekudzika panzvimbo imwe chete kana nzvimbo dzakawanda. Magadzirirwo akajairika anosanganisira Schlumberger kana Wenner. Nzira iyi inoshanda pakuongorora kudzika kweaquifer, ukobvu hweaquitard, uye kudzika kwedombo.
2. ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography)
ERT inoshandisa maerekitirodhi akawanda munzira kugadzira mifananidzo ye2D kana 3D. Chakanakira kugona kwayo kuronga misiyano yemativi: semuenzaniso, nzira dzejecha dzekare, nzvimbo dzakapwanyika, kana malenzi evhu anotadzisa kuyerera kwemvura. Kuti ione nzvimbo dzekuboorera, ERT inowanzo dzidzisa zvakawanda kupfuura VES nekuti inopa mamiriro emativi.
Zvakanakira uye zvisingakwanisike
Zvakanakira zvekudzivirira: michina isingadhuri zvakanyanya, inowanikwa zvakanyanya, uye kududzira kwakananga zvinodiwa pasi pevhu. Zvipingamupinyi: ivhu rinogona kutevedzera mhinduro yenzvimbo yakazara (kudzivirira kwakaderera zvakaenzana), uye mhedzisiro yacho inokanganiswa nemamiriro epamusoro (tambo, fenzi, ivhu rine matombo, kana kupindira kwemagetsi).
Nzira dzeElectromagnetic (EM)
Nzira yeEM inoyera mhinduro yekufambisa mvura pasi pevhu ichishandisa minda yemagetsi. Mukuongorora kwemvura yepasi pevhu, EM inowanzo shandiswa ku:
– Kuziva nzvimbo dzinofambisa mvura nekuda kwevhu kana mvura ine munyu.
- Kugadzira mapa ekupinda kwemvura yegungwa munzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe.
- Kugadzira nekukasira nzvimbo dzakakura kuti uone nzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha usati watsanangura ERT/VES.
Mienzaniso yehunyanzvi hweEM inosanganisira FDEM (Frequency Domain Electromagnetics) uye TDEM (Time Domain Electromagnetics). TDEM inowanzo kwanisa kusvika pakadzika kupfuura FDEM, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kune mvura yakadzika kana mapu ekufambisa mvura ari kure nepamusoro.
Zvakanakira zveEM kuwana data nekukurumidza uye kusabatana zvakananga nepasi (kusiyana nenzira dze geoelectrical, dzinoda ma electrodes). Zvisinei, EM inonzwa kusagadzikana kwetsika (tambo dzemagetsi, fenzi dzesimbi, mapaipi, zvivakwa), saka kusarudza nzvimbo chaiyo yenzira kwakakosha.
Nzira dzekudengenyeka kwenyika (refraction uye MASW)
Nzira dzekusimudzira kudengenyeka kwenyika dzinoshandisa mafungu anotenderera pasi. Nzira mbiri dzinowanzoshandiswa ndeidzi:
– Kuchinja kwepasi pevhu: kunoratidza miganhu yezvikamu zvichibva pakuchinja kwekufamba kwemafungu. Kunobatsira pakuona kudzika kwematombo, ukobvu hwevhu hwakakanganisika, uye chimiro chezvikamu zvakaoma.
– MASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves): inofungidzira shear wave velocity profile (Vs) ine chekuita nekuomarara kwevhu/dombo.
Panyaya yematsime emvura, seismic inonyanya kushandiswa sekuwedzera, kunyanya kuona kudzika kwenzvimbo dzematombo kana matombo akamanikana anogona kuumba muganhu wepasi pe aquifer. Zvisinei, seismic haione mvura zvakananga; inonyanya kukanganiswa nekuchinja kwe lithology uye kuoma kwayo. Aquifers dzejecha rakazara nemvura uye rakaoma dzinogona kuva nemafambiro asingawanzo pesana zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti zvidikanwe ne resistivity kana drill data.
Nzira yeGPR (Radar Inopinda Pasi)
GPR inoshandisa mafungu eradar ane frequency yakakwira kuti igadzire magadzirirwo asina kudzika. Nzira iyi yakanaka kwazvo kune:
- Tsvaga zvidimbu zvisina kudzika, zvivakwa zve sedimentary, uye zvinhu zvakavigwa.
– Kugadzira mepu yehudzamu hwemvura yepasi isina kudzika mumamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera.
Zvisinei, GPR ine zvikanganiso zvikuru: kupinda kwemafungu kunodzikira zvakanyanya muvhu kana zvinhu zvinofambisa mvura uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyorova. Nokudaro, GPR yakakodzera zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakaoma kusvika dzakanyatsozara nejecha uye pakuongorora kudzika kushoma (kazhinji mamita mashoma kusvika makumi emamita, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu).
Kutema miti mumabore
Pamusoro pekuongororwa pamusoro pemvura, basa re geophysical rinoitwawo mushure mekucherwa kwegomba, rinozivikanwa sekucherwa kwematombo. Kucherwa kwematanda kunobatsira kuona nguva dzekuongorora, kuongorora hunyanzvi hwezvinhu, uye kuona nzvimbo dzinobereka. Dzimwe nzira dzekuchera matongo dzinoshandiswa mumatsime emvura dzinosanganisira:
– Resistivity log: inosiyanisa zvidimbu zvinofambisa mvura nezvinodzivisa mvura, chiratidzo che lithology uye kunaka kwemvura.
– SP (Self Potential): inobatsira kuona zvidimbu zvinopinda mumvura.
– Gamma ray: inoona huwandu hwevhu (ivhu rinowanzova negamma yakawanda).
– Caliper log: kuyera dhayamita yegomba, kuona nzvimbo dzakaputsika kana kukura.
– Tembiricha uye mafambiro emvura: zvinoratidza kupinda kwemvura uye shanduko mumhando yemvura.
Kunyora matanda kunobatsira zvikuru nekuti kunopa ruzivo rwakajeka zvakananga mugomba, kuitira kuti kusava nechokwadi mukududzirwa kweongororo yepamusoro kuderedzwa.
Kufambiswa kwebasa rekuongorora kuti uwane nzvimbo dzekuboorera
Muchirongwa chekuchera matsime emvura, mashandiro akajairika ndeaya:
1. Chidzidzo chekutanga: kuunganidzwa kwemamepu ejiyoroji, nharaunda, mashandisirwo evhu, ruzivo rwematsime aripo, uye ruzivo rwezvinodiwa pakuburitsa mvura.
2. Kuongorora: kuongorora nzvimbo kuti uone mamiriro enzvimbo, zviratidzo zvekutyoka, matsime, kana kuti madhaka emvura.
3. Ongororo yenzvimbo inokasira (sarudzo): EM kana kuti resistivity iri nyore yekuongorora nzvimbo yakakura.
4. Ongororo yakadzama: 2D/3D ERT kana VES panzvimbo dzinoda kugadziriswa, pamwe nekudengenyeka kwenyika kana zvichidikanwa pamatombo akadzika.
5. Dudziro yakabatana: kuziva zvinangwa zvemvura yemugungwa—kudzika, ukobvu, uye nzvimbo.
6. Kuziva nzvimbo yekuboorera: kufunga nezvekusvika pakushandisa chishandiswa chekuboorera, daro kubva panobva kusvibiswa, uye nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa.
7. Kuchera nekutema matanda: kusimbiswa kwemamodheru epasi uye kugadziriswa kwekugadzirwa kwetsime.
8. Kuedza kupomba: kuona kuti mvura inobuda, inodonhedzwa, uye miganhu yemvura inoyerera (transmissivity, storativity).
9. Kuongorora hunhu hwemvura: makemikari-zvipenyu kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti yakakodzera kushandiswa.
Zvinhu zvakakosha pakududzira matsime emvura
Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo kuitira kuti mhedzisiro ye geophysical ive yakakosha pakuchera:
- Siyanisa pakati pevhu nevhu rakazara: kukosha kwakaderera kwekudzivirira mvura hazvirevi nguva dzose kuti "mvura yakawanda"; inogona kunge iri ivhu risinganyuri mvura.
– Cherechedzai munyu: mvura ine munyu nemunyu inoderedza kusimba kwemvura, saka inogona "kutaridzika zvakanaka" kunyangwe kunaka kwayo kwakashata.
– Mamiriro enzvimbo: mvura dzakapwanyika dziri mumatombo akaoma dzine hunhu hwakasiyana nedzemvura dzine maburi dziri mumadhaka emvura.
- Kusimbiswa nedata chairo: matsime ari pedyo, nzvimbo dzinobuda mvura, kana data rekucherwa kwemvura rinobatsira zvikuru mukuderedza kusanzwisisika.
Mhedziso
Nzira dzekuongorora geophysical zvishandiso zvakakosha pakuvandudza kubudirira kwekuchera matsime emvura. Kudzivirira geoelectric (VES neERT) ndiyo sarudzo huru nekuda kwekushanda kwayo mukusiyana kwematanho ekugadzira mapeji uye kuratidza kuwanda kwemvura, nepo nzira dzeEM dzichibudirira pakugadzira mapeji nekukurumidza uye kuona nzvimbo dzinofambisa mvura dzine chekuita nevhu kana munyu. Kutenderera kwepasi, GPR, uye kutema matsime zvinoshanda sezvishandiso zvekuwedzera, kujekesa kudzika kwematombo uye zvivakwa zvisina kudzika, uye kusimbisa nzvimbo dzinobereka mugomba. Nekuronga kwakakodzera kwekutenga uye kududzirwa kwakabatana kwedata re geological ne hydrogeological, ongororo dze geophysical dzinogona kuderedza njodzi yekukundikana, kugadzirisa mari yekuchera, uye kugadzira matsime emvura anobereka uye anogara kwenguva refu.
