Kupesvedzera Kwakatipoteredza Pakushanda Kwemiti
Physiology yezvirimwa inodzidza kuti zvirimwa zvinoita sei mabasa azvo ehupenyu, kubva pakunwa mvura nezvinovaka muviri, photosynthesis, kufema, kukura, uye kubereka. Hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chinoitika mumhepo isina chinhu. Zvirimwa zvinogara munzvimbo yakatarwa uye zvinotsamira zvakanyanya pamamiriro ezvinhu zvakavapoteredza. Nokudaro, shanduko muzvinhu zvakatipoteredza—zvakadai sechiedza, tembiricha, mvura, zvinovaka muviri, magasi emhepo, mhepo, uye munyu— zvinokanganisa zvakananga mashandiro enhengo dzemiti nematishu . Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura kuti nharaunda inoumba sei maitiro emuviri wezvirimwa, zvese mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka uye pasi pekumanikidzwa.
1. Chiedza: Chinosimudzira Photosynthesis uye Chinodzora Kubudirira
Chiedza ndicho chinhu chikuru chinosarudza mwero we photosynthesis, maitiro ayo glucose inoumbwa kubva ku carbon dioxide nemvura nerubatsiro rwe chlorophyll. Kuwanda kwechiedza kwakakwana kuchawedzera mwero we photosynthesis kusvika pakuzara; mushure meizvozvo, chiedza chakawedzerwa hachichawedzere photosynthesis nekuti ma enzymes uye masisitimu ekufambisa maerekitironi ari kushanda zvakanaka. Kana mwero wechiedza wakaderera zvakanyanya, zvirimwa zvinosangana ne etiolysis: hunde dzakareba, mashizha madiki, uye ruvara rwakachenuruka nekuda kwekuumbwa kwe chlorophyll shoma.
Kunze kwekusimba kwechiedza, kunaka kwechiedza (wavelength) kwakakoshawo. Chiedza chitsvuku nebhuruu zvinonyanya kushanda pakugadzira photosynthesis. Panguva imwecheteyo, chiyero chetsvuku netsvuku (tsvuku:tsvuku) chinokanganisa "kudzivirira mumvuri" mumiti inokura mumumvuri. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ane mumvuri, zvirimwa zvinowanzowedzera hunde dzazvo zvichitsvaga chiedza, zvichichinja magadzirirwo azvo edenga, uye zvichiwedzera zviwanikwa kuti zvikure zvakanaka.
Chiedza chinodzorawo photoperiodism— mhinduro yemuti pakureba kwemasikati nehusiku—izvo zvinosarudza kutumbuka kwemarudzi akawanda. Zvirimwa zvemasikati mapfupi zvinotumbuka kana husiku hwakareba, nepo zvirimwa zvemasikati marefu zvichida mazuva marefu. Maitiro aya anoita kuti kutumbuka kuitike munguva yakanaka kwazvo.
2. Kupisa: Kunosarudza Kumhanya kweMetabolic Reactions
Kupisa kunokanganisa maitiro ese emuviri nekuti maitiro emakemikari anokonzereswa nema enzymes. Mukati mehuwandu hwekupisa hwakakwana, kufema, photosynthesis, kupatsanurwa kwemasero, uye kukura kwemasero zvinoitika zvinobudirira. Zvisinei, kana tembiricha yakaderera zvakanyanya, mashandiro ema enzyme anoderera, membrane yemasero inova isingachinjiki, kutakurwa kwezvinhu kunononoka, uye zvirimwa zvinokuvadzwa nechando.
Kusiyana neizvi, tembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya inogona kukonzera kushanduka kwemapuroteni, kukanganisa mamembrane, uye kuwedzera kufema kupfuura photosynthesis. Nekuda kweizvozvo, simba rinochengetwa rinopera nekukurumidza uye kukura kunoderera. Mumamiriro ekupisa, akaoma, stomata inowanzo vhara kudzivirira kurasikirwa nemvura, asi izvi zvinoderedza kutorwa kweCO₂, nokudaro zvichideredza photosynthesis.
Zvirimwa zvinewo maitiro ekuchinjana netembiricha, zvakaita sekugadzira mapuroteni anorova kupisa patembiricha yakakwira kudzivirira maumbirwo emapuroteni. Patembiricha yakaderera, zvimwe zvirimwa zvinowedzera huwandu hwazvo hweshuga yakanyungudika, zvichiita se "antifreeze" yechisikigo, yekuderedza nzvimbo yekuomesa yemasero.
3. Mvura neHunyoro: Kiyi yeTurgor, Kutakurwa, uye Kufemerwa
Mvura chinhu chikuru chemasero uye ndiyo nzira yekufambisa mu xylem nephloem. Kuwanikwa kwemvura kunokanganisa turgor yemasero, izvo zvinosarudza kuomarara kwenyama uye kugona kwemasero kukura. Mvura yakakwana inopa kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwe turgor, zvichikonzera mashizha ane simba. Kushomeka kwemvura kunokonzera kusvava, kudzikira kwekukura kwemasero, uye kusakura zvakanaka.
Kufemera kwemvura—kubuda kwemvura kuburikidza nestomata—kunobatsira kutonhodza mashizha uye kufambisa mvura kubva pamidzi kuenda kumashizha. Zvisinei, kufemera kwemvura kwakawandisa pasina mvura yakakwana kunogona kukonzera kusanaya kwemvura. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, zvirimwa zvinogadzira hormone inonzi abscisic acid (ABA), iyo inokonzera kuvharika kwestomatal. Kuvharika kwestomatal kunoderedza kurasikirwa nemvura asiwo kunoderedza kupinda kweCO₂ mumiti, nokudaro zvichideredza photosynthesis.
Hunyoro nemhepo zvine basawo. Mhepo yakaoma nemhepo ine simba zvinowedzera mwero wekufemera, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekuoma kwemuviri, kunyanya muzvirimwa zvidiki kana izvo zvine midzi isina kudzika.
4. Zvinovaka Muviri uye Mamiriro Evhu: Zvinotsigira Kukura uye Kubudirira
Ivhu rinopa macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) uye micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl, Ni) zvinodiwa pakugadzira metabolism. Nitrogen inokosha pakuumbwa kwechlorophyll neprotein; phosphorus yesimba (ATP) uye nucleic acids; uye potassium yekutonga stomatal uye activation yeenzyme. Kushaikwa kwezvinovaka muviri kunokonzera zviratidzo zvakananga, zvakaita sechlorosis (yellowing yemashizha), necrosis, kana kukura zvishoma nezvishoma.
pH yevhu inokanganisa kuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri. Kana pH yakawandisa, zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seAl neMn zvinogona kuva chepfu, zvichitadzisa kukura kwemidzi. Kana pH yakawandisa, zvinhu zvakaita seFe neZn zvinonetsa kunyudza, zvichikonzera kushomeka kwezvirimwa kunyangwe ivhu riine zvinhu izvi.
Maumbirwo evhu, kufefetera kwemhepo, uye kuyerera kwemvura zvinosarudzawo hutano hwemidzi. Ivhu rakazadzwa nemvura rinoderedza okisijeni munzvimbo yemidzi, zvichikanganisa kufema kwemidzi, zvichideredza kutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri, uye zvinogona kukonzera kuora kwemidzi. Zvirimwa zvakawanda zvinopindura mamiriro ekunze asina oxygen nekugadzira aerenchyma (nzvimbo dzemhepo) kuti zvibatsire kutakura okisijeni.
5. CO₂ neO₂: Zvishandiso zvePhotosynthesis neRespiration
Kuwanda kweCO₂ mumhepo kunoenderana zvakananga ne photosynthesis, kunyanya muzvirimwa zveC3 zvakaita semupunga, gorosi, nesoya. Kuwedzera kweCO₂ kunogona kuwedzera mwero we photosynthesis uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemvura nekuti stomata haifanirwe kuvhurika zvakanyanya kuti iwane CO₂. Zvisinei, mabhenefiti aya anoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekudya kunovaka muviri uye kuwanikwa kwemvura.
Okisijeni inodiwa pakufema, maitiro ekupwanya shuga kuita simba. Muvhu rakamanikana kana kuti rakazara nemvura, kushaikwa kweO₂ kunodzivirira kufema kwemidzi, zvichideredza simba rinowanikwa pakupinza zvinovaka muviri nekukura . Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, zvirimwa zvinoshanduka kuita kufema kusina simba uye zvinogadzira makemikari anogona kukuvadza masero.
6. Munyu: Kukanganiswa kweOsmotic uye Toxicity yeIon
Munyu wakawanda—semuenzaniso, muvhu remahombekombe kana munzvimbo dzakadiridzwa dzine munyu wakawanda—zvinokonzera matambudziko maviri makuru. Chekutanga, kushushikana kwe osmotic: mvura inoomerwa kusvika kumidzi nekuti simba remvura muvhu rinodzikira. Chechipiri, chepfu yeion: kuunganidzwa kweNa⁺ neCl⁻ kunogona kukuvadza ma enzymes uye kukanganisa kuenzana kwezvinovaka muviri, kunyanya kudzvinyirira kutorwa kweK⁺, iyo inokosha pakushanda kwemasero.
Zvirimwa zveHalophytic (zvisingapindi munyu) zvine maitiro akasiyana-siyana akadai sekuchengetedza munyu mumavacuoles, kuva nemagland emunyu ekuburitsa, kana kugadzira maosmolytes (proline, shuga alcohol) kuti zvirambe zviripo pasina kuparadza mapuroteni.
7. Zvinosvibisa uye Kushushikana Kwemuviri: Maronda Emuviri Asingawanzoonekwa
Nzvimbo iyi inosanganisirawo zvinosvibisa nezvimwe zvipenyu. Tropospheric ozone inogona kukanganisa mashizha uye kuderedza photosynthesis. Simbi dzakakora dzakadai sePb, Cd, uye Hg dzinogona kukanganisa maitiro e enzyme uye kukonzera kuumbwa kwe free radicals.
Kudyidzana nezvirwere zvinotapukira uye zvinodya zvinodya zvinokanganisa mashandiro emuviri nekumutsa masisitimu ekudzivirira. Zvirimwa zvinogadzira makemikari echipiri (alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids), zvinosimbisa madziro emasero, uye zvinodzora mahormone akadai sejasmonic acid nesalicylic acid. Mhinduro idzi dzekudzivirira dzinoda simba, saka kutengeserana kunowanzoitika: kukura kunononoka sezvo dziviriro dzichiwedzera.
8. Kubatanidzwa kweMhinduro: Zvirimwa seMasisitimu Anochinjika
Muchokwadi, zvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza hazviwanzoshanda zviri zvega. Kusanaya kwemvura kunowanzobatanidzwa nekupisa kwakanyanya uye simba rechiedza; munyu unowanzobatanidzwa nekushomeka kwemvura; mumvuri unobatanidzwa nekuchinja kwehunhu hwechiedza. Zvirimwa zvinopindura nenzira yakabatana kuburikidza nezviratidzo zvemahormone, kudzora kuratidzwa kwemajini, uye kugadzirisa chimiro chenhengo. Semuenzaniso, mumamiriro ekunze akaoma, zvirimwa hazvingovhari stomata yazvo chete asiwo zvinorebesa midzi yazvo, zvinoderedza nzvimbo yemashizha azvo, zvinokora cuticles yazvo, uye zvinowedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwemvura.
Mhedziso
Nzvimbo yatinogara ine simba guru pakushanda kwemiti nekuti ndiyo inosarudza kuwanikwa kwesimba, mvura, magasi, uye zvinovaka muviri zvinodiwa kuti zvinhu zvirarame. Chiedza chinodzora photosynthesis nekukura, tembiricha inodzora metabolic rate, mvura inokanganisa turgor ne transpiration, ivhu nezvinovaka muviri zvinosarudza kubereka, uye munyu, tsvina, uye biotic stress zvinokonzeresa mhinduro dzinoenderana nekushanduka uye kukuvara. Kunzwisisa hukama uhwu kwakakosha mukurima, masango, uye kuchengetedza, kunyanya sezvo shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inowedzera kuwanda kwekupisa kwakanyanya, kusanaya kwemvura, mafashamo, uye kuora kwenyika. Ruzivo rwekushanda kwemiti runotibvumira kugadzira nzira dzekurima nekutarisira nharaunda dzinochengetedza zvirimwa zvakasimba uku zvichiwedzera goho.
