Basa reMabhakitiriya muKuvirisa
Kuvirisa ndeimwe yenzira dzekare dzechikafu dzinoshandiswa nevanhu kugadzirisa, kuchengetedza, uye kuwedzera kunaka kwechikafu. Maitiro aya anoshandisa mashandiro etupukanana—kunyanya mabhakitiriya nembiriso—kushandura zvikamu zvemakemikari zviri muchikafu kuita makemikari matsva akasimba, akachengeteka, kana kuti anonaka. Pakati petupukanana twakasiyana-siyana tunobatanidzwa, mabhakitiriya anoita basa rakakosha nekuda kwekugona kwawo kugadzira maasidhi, mamwe maalcohols, magasi, uye mamwe macompounds ekunhuhwirira. Basa retupukanana mukuvirisa haringokanganisi kuravira uye magadzirirwo chete asiwo rinokanganisa kukosha kwekudya, kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, uye kunyange mabhenefiti ehutano.
Kunzwisisa Kuviriswa uye Hukama Hwako neMabhakitiriya
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuvirisa muviri inzira yekuchinja makemikari emuviri umo tupukanana tunoshandura shuga kana mamwe makabhohaidhiretsi kuita maasidhi, magasi, kana maalcohols mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, kazhinji neokisijeni shoma. Muzvikafu zvakawanda zvakaviriswa, mabhakitiriya anoshanda nekupwanya glucose uye kugadzira lactic acid, acetic acid, kana zvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinogadzirwa ndizvo zvinoita kuti yogati kana pickles ive nekuravira kwayo, kunhuhwirira kwayo kwakasiyana, uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Mabhakitiriya anowanzobatanidzwa mukuvirisa ilactic acid bacteria (LAB), akadai seLactobacillus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, uye Pediococcus. Pamusoro pezvo, mabhakitiriya eacetic acid, akadai seAcetobacter, akakosha mukugadzirwa kwevhiniga. Boka rega rega remabhakitiriya rine nzira yaro yakasiyana yekuchinja mashandiro emuviri, zvichikonzera mhando dzakasiyana dzemagadzirirwo echigadzirwa chakaviriswa.
Mabhakitiriya se "Zvinhu Zvinochengetedza" kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kweAcid
Rimwe remabasa akakosha ebhakitiriya mukuvirisa nderekugadzira maasidhi anoderedza pH yechikafu. Kana pH yadzikira, tupukanana twakawanda tunoora uye tunokonzera zvirwere zvinonetsa kukura. Semuenzaniso, mabhakitiriya elactic acid anoshandura shuga kuita lactic acid, zvichigadzira nzvimbo ine acidity inodzivisa mabhakitiriya anokuvadza akadai seSalmonella kana Escherichia coli (kunyangwe kuchengetedzeka kuchiri kuenderana nehutsanana hwakanaka uye kugadziriswa kwakakodzera).
Muenzaniso chaiwo wekugadzirwa kwekimchi, sauerkraut, uye mapickles. Mukuita izvi, mabhakitiriya elactic acid anokura zvishoma nezvishoma: pakutanga kwekuvirisa, mabhakitiriya anotsungirira munyu neokisijeni anotanga kuita izvi, uye mabhakitiriya akawanda anotsungirira acid anotanga kushanda sezvo pH ichiderera. Mugumisiro wacho chigadzirwa chinogara kwenguva refu, chine kunaka kwakasiyana kwekuvava, uye chinoramba chakachengeteka kudyiwa kana chagadzirwa uchishandisa nzira dzakakodzera.
Kugadzira kuravira kwakasiyana uye kunhuhwirira
Mabhakitiriya haangoiti kuti chikafu chive "asidhi" chete, asiwo anoumba kunaka kwakaoma uye hwema. Panguva yekuvirisa, mabhakitiriya anogadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshanduka zvakaita se diacetyl (zvinopa hwema hwebhata), acetaldehyde, organic acids, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinobatsira pakuita kuti chikafu chive neraviro.
Muzvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvakaviriswa zvakaita seyogati, basa remabhakitiriya rinoonekwa zvakanyanya. Musanganiswa weStreptococcus thermophilus neLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus unoburitsa lactic acid, iyo inopa kunaka kunozorodza, pamwe nemakemikari anonhuwirira anopa yogati kunaka kwayo kwakasiyana. Muchizi, mabhakitiriya anotanga uye ari kuibva anoshanda kuwedzera kunaka; mamwe anogadzira magasi anoumba "maziso" mune mamwe machizi, nepo mamwe achibatsira kugadzira kunhuhwirira kwakapinza kana kunonaka.
Kuchinja Maumbirwo uye Maumbirwo Echikafu
Basa remabhakitiriya rinoitawo kuti chikafu chakaviriswa chive nechimiro chakanaka. Muyogati, asidhi inogadzirwa nemabhakitiriya inoita kuti puroteni yemukaka (casein) iungane kuita gel, zvichikonzera kuti chive chakakora. Mune mamwe mabhakitiriya, mabhakitiriya anogadzira mapolysaccharides (EPS) anobva kunze kwemuviri, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera viscosity uye kupa kunzwa kwakapfava mumuromo.
Mumiriwo yakaviriswa, mabhakitiriya anobatsira kuchengetedza kusviba nekugadzira mamiriro eacidic akagadzikana uye kudzora mashandiro emamwe ma enzymes ekuora. Zvisinei, kana kuviriswa kukasadzorwa (semuenzaniso, kana tembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya kana munyu usina kunaka), magadzirirwo acho anogona kunyorova zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanda kusingadiwe kwehutachiona.
Kuwedzera Kukosha Kwezvekudya Zvinovaka Muviri uye Kuwanikwa Kwezvekudya Zvinovaka Muviri
Kuviriswa kwebhakitiriya kunowanzo wedzera kukosha kwekudya kwechikafu. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobatanidzwa. Chekutanga, mabhakitiriya anogona kuputsa zvinhu zvakaoma kuita mafomu ari nyore kugayiwa. Semuenzaniso, muzvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvakaviriswa, imwe lactose inopwanyika, zvichiita kuti yogati igare yakatenderwa zviri nani nevanhu vane lactose kupfuura mukaka mutsva.
Chechipiri, kuvirisa kunogona kuderedza zvinovaka muviri. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa mumiti zvine makemikari akadai semaphytates, anosunga zvicherwa (simbi, zinc, calcium), zvichiita kuti zviomere muviri kupinza zvicherwa. Kushanda kwezvipembenene panguva yekuvirisa kunogona kuderedza huwandu hwemaphytates, zvichiita kuti zvicherwa zviwanikwe zvakanyanya. Chechitatu, mamwe mabhakitiriya anokwanisa kugadzira mamwe mavhitamini, kunyanya mavhitamini eB, muhuwandu hwakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwechigadzirwa uye tsika inoshandiswa.
Kuchengetedza Kuchengetedzeka Kwechikafu kuburikidza neMishonga Inorwisa Mabhakitiriya
Pamusoro pekuderedza pH, mabhakitiriya elactic acid anogona kugadzira mamwe mabhakitiriya anorwisa utachiona akadai sehydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, uye bacteriocins. Mabhakitiriya mapuroteni kana mapeptide anorwisa utachiona anogona kudzivirira kukura kwemamwe mabhakitiriya. Kuvapo kwemakemikari aya kunowedzera simba rekuchengetedza.
Muindasitiri yezvekudya, mamwe marudzi emabhakitiriya anosarudzwa kwete chete nekuda kwekugona kwawo kugadzira kunaka kwakanaka, asiwo nekuda kwekugona kwawo kudzvinyirira utachiona hunokuvadza. Ichi ndicho chimwe chikonzero nei kushandiswa kwe "starter cultures" kuchikosha: kunoita kuti kuviriswa kurambe kuripo, kunoderedza njodzi yekukundikana, uye kunovandudza kuchengetedzeka.
Mienzaniso yeZvigadzirwa Zvakaviriswa Zvine Mabhakitiriya
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvekudya nezvinwiwa zvezuva nezuva zvinoenderana nemabhakitiriya, kungava seanonyanya kukonzera kana kushanda pamwe chete nembiriso:
1. Yogurt: kuviriswa kwelactose nebhakitiriya relactic acid kunoburitsa lactic acid, zvichiita kuti ive gobvu uye inonaka zvakareruka.
2. Chizi: mabhakitiriya ekutanga anotanga kuwedzera acidity; mamwe mabhakitiriya anobatanidzwa mukuibva kuti agadzire kunaka nekunhuhwirira.
3. Kimchi ne sauerkraut: mabhakitiriya e lactic acid anotonga mushure medanho rekutanga, zvichiita kuti ive inonaka, inonhuhwirira zvakasiyana, uye inogara kwenguva refu.
4. Kubikira: kuvirisa mumushonga wemunyu kunokurudzira kukura kwebhakitiriya dzakanaka dzinochengetedza zvinhu zvirimo.
5. Vhiniga: mabhakitiriya eacetic acid anoshandura doro kuita acetic acid, zvichiburitsa kunaka kwakapinza uye kunovava kwevhiniga.
6. Nata decoco: inosanganisira mamwe mabhakitiriya anogadzira cellulose, zvichigadzira chimiro chenata chinotsenga.
Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti mabhakitiriya haangoiti basa mumhando imwe chete yezvinhu, asi mune zvigadzirwa: mukaka, miriwo, michero, uye kunyange zvinwiwa zvine shuga.
Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Mabatiro Emabhakitiriya MuKuvirisa
Kubudirira kwekuvirisa kunokonzerwa zvikuru nemamiriro ekunze anosarudza kukura kwebhakitiriya, kusanganisira:
– Tembiricha: Bakiteriya rega rega rine tembiricha yakakwana. Semuenzaniso, yogati inowanzovira kana tembiricha yadziya, ukuwo kuvira kwemiriwo kunowanzoitika kana tembiricha yadzikira muimba.
– Munyu uripo: mukuvirisa muriwo, munyu unobatsira kukweva mvura nekudzivisa utachiona hunoora, ukuwo uchipa mukana wekukwikwidzana nemabhakitiriya e lactic acid.
– Kuwanikwa kweshuga: mabhakitiriya anoda simba; zvinhu zvine shuga shoma dzimwe nguva zvinoda kurapwa kwakakosha kuti zvibviswe zvakanaka.
– Kuchena uye okisijeni: Kusachena kunogona kukonzera utachiona husingadiwe. Mamwe mafiriji anoda mamiriro ekusashanda zvakanaka (oxygen shoma), saka midziyo uye nzira dzekuchengetera zvinhu zvakakosha.
Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunobatsira varimi vekumba nevemaindasitiri kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakaviriswa nguva dzose uye zvakachengeteka.
Penutup
Mabhakitiriya anoita basa guru mukubikwa kwechikafu: kuchengetedza chikafu nekuderedza pH, kugadzira manakiro akasiyana uye kunhuhwirira, kuvandudza magadzirirwo acho, kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri, uye kubatsira kuchengetedza chikafu nekugadzira mishonga inorwisa utachiona. Nekusarudza mabhakitiriya akakodzera uye kudzora mamiriro ekubikwa kwechikafu—senge tembiricha, munyu, uye hutsanana—tinogona kushandisa kubikwa kwechikafu senzira yechisikigo yekugadzira chikafu chinonaka, chine hutano, uye chinogara kwenguva refu. Hazvisi zvekuwedzeredza kutaura kuti nhaka yakawanda yekubika yepasi rose, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa zvechinyakare kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, yakavakirwa pabasa diki asi rinoshamisa rekubikwa kwechikafu.
