Kupesvedzera Kwezvinhu Zvakatipoteredza Pakufema Kwemiti
Kufema kwemiti inzira inokosha yemuviri inoita kuti zvirimwa zviwane simba rekuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu, akadai sekukura, kupatsanurwa kwemasero, kutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri, kufamba kwezvinhu mukati menyama, uye kugadziriswa kwekukuvadzwa kwemasero. Kusiyana ne photosynthesis, iyo inogadzira simba remakemikari muchimiro cheglucose nerubatsiro rwechiedza, kufema kunoputsa makemikari e organic (kunyanya glucose) kuti ibudise simba rinoshanda nyore nyore (ATP). Maitiro aya anoitika mumiti yese—midzi, madzinde, mashizha, maruva, nemichero—uye anoenderera mberi masikati neusiku. Zvisinei, simba rekufema rinosiyana; rinokanganiswa zvikuru nezvinhu zvakatipoteredza. Kuchinja kwekushisa, kuwanikwa kweokisijeni, mvura, chiedza, uye kunyange mamiriro evhu zvinogona kuchinja mwero wekufema, zvichizokanganisa hutano hwemiti nekubudirira kwayo.
Kunzwisisa kufema kwemiti muchidimbu
Muchidimbu, kufema kwemhepo mumiti kunogona kupfupikiswa mukuita kunotevera:
Glucose + Okisijeni → Kabhoni dhayokisaidhi + Mvura + Simba (ATP)
ATP inogadzirwa inoshandiswa pakuita metabolic process. Kana okisijeni iri shoma, zvirimwa zvinogona kufema zvisina mweya (anaerobic respiration), asi izvi zvinopa simba shoma uye zvinowanzoburitsa zvimwe zvinokuvadza nekufamba kwenguva. Nokudaro, nharaunda inotsigira kuwanikwa kweokisijeni uye mamiriro ekugadzirisa metabolic akasimba zvakakosha kuti kufema kushande zvakanaka.
1. Tembiricha: chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chinodzora mwero wekufema
Kupisa ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvinonyanya kukanganisa kufema kwemiti. Kufema imhando yemaitiro ema enzyme; sezvakaita maitiro mazhinji anosanganisira ma enzyme, mwero wekufema unowanzo kuwedzera nekupisa kuri kuwedzera—kusvika pamuganho wakati. Kazhinji, kuwedzera kwekupisa ne 10°C kunogona kuwedzera mwero wekufema nekaviri (pfungwa yeQ10) mumarudzi mazhinji, kunyanya muhuwandu hwekupisa kuri pakati nepakati.
Zvisinei, kana tembiricha ikapfuura yepamusoro, ma enzymes ekufema anotanga kurasikirwa nechimiro chawo (denature), membrane yemasero inokanganiswa, uye mwero wekufema unogona kudzikira kana kusashanda zvakanaka. Pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvirimwa zvinogonawo kusangana nekumanikidzwa kwekupisa, zvichiwedzera simba razvo rekuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemasero. Nekuda kweizvozvo, makabhohaidhiretsi anogadzirwa ne photosynthesis anokurumidza kushandiswa kufema, zvichideredza kukura uye kuderedza goho rezvirimwa.
Kusiyana neizvi, pakupisa kwakaderera zvakanyanya, mashandiro ema enzyme anoderera, zvichiita kuti kufema kunonoke. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza simba rinopihwa pakugadzirisa muviri uye zvinodzivisa kukura. Mumiti inopisa, kupisa kunotonhora kunogona kutokonzera kukuvara kwemuviri nekuti masisitimu ema enzyme avo haana kuchinjika kukupisa kwakaderera.
2. Kuwanikwa kweokisijeni: kunosarudza aerobic kana anaerobic
Okisijeni inodiwa muzvikamu zvekupedzisira zvekufema kwemhepo, kunyanya muketani yekufambisa maerekitironi mu mitochondria. Kana okisijeni yakakwana iripo, zvirimwa zvinogadzira huwandu hwakawanda hweATP zvinobudirira. Zvisinei, pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza—akadai sevhu rakazadzwa nemvura, kudzvanywa kwevhu, kana kuyerera kwemvura kwakashata—kupararira kweokisijeni muvhu kunoderera zvakanyanya. Midzi isina okisijeni inobva yachinja kuita kuvirisa (anaerobic respiration).
Kuvirisa kunounza simba shoma, zvichisiya zvirimwa zviine ATP shoma yekufambisa uye kutora zvinovaka muviri. Uyezve, zvinhu zvakaita se ethanol kana lactic acid zvinogona kuungana nekukuvadza masero emidzi. Nekufamba kwenguva, midzi inoora, mvura nezvinovaka muviri zvinokanganiswa, mashizha anoshanduka kuita yero, uye kukura kunomira. Nokudaro, kufefetera kwevhu zvakanaka uye kuyerera kwemvura ndizvo zvakakosha kuti midzi irambe ichifema zvakanaka.
3. Kuwanikwa kwemvura: zvinopesvedzera zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga
Mvura inokanganisa kufema kwemiti zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga. Mumamiriro ekushomeka kwemvura (kuoma), stomata inowanzo vhara kuti ideredze kurasikirwa nemvura kuburikidza nekufemera. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuchinjana kwegasi kunodzikira uye kuwanikwa kweCO₂ yephotosynthesis kunoderera. Kana photosynthesis ikadzikira, kuwanikwa kweglucose se "fuel" yekufema kunodererawo. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuoma kunogona kuwedzera simba rinodiwa pakudzivirira, senge kugadzirwa kwe osmolytes nemapuroteni ekumanikidzwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kusawirirana kunoitika: substrates dzekufema dzinodzikira, asi simba rinodiwa rinowedzera.
Kana mvura yakawandisa (yakazara mvura), dambudziko guru harisi mvura yakawandisa pachayo, asi kushaikwa kweoxygen, sezvakatsanangurwa kare. Ivhu rakazara mvura rinokonzera kufema kwemidzi isina mweya uye rinoderedza kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira simba.
4. Chiedza: chisina kunanga asi chine simba guru
Kufema hakudi chiedza zvakananga, asi chiedza chinokanganisa kufema kuburikidza ne photosynthesis. Masikati, photosynthesis inogadzira glucose, iyo inogona kushandiswa senzira yekufema. Kupenya kwakanyanya (kusvika padanho rakakodzera) kunowanzo wedzera photosynthesis, zvichiita kuti makabhohaidhiretsi akawanda awaneke pakufema nekukura.
Zvisinei, simba rechiedza rakawandisa rinogonawo kukonzera kushushikana kwechiedza uye kuwedzera kuumbwa kwefree radicals. Kuti zvikunde kukuvara kweoxidative, zvirimwa zvinoda simba rakawedzerwa, saka mwero wekufema kwavo unogona kuwedzera mukupindura kushushikana. Uyezve, husiku, kana photosynthesis isipo, zvirimwa zvinovimba zvizere nemakabhohaidhiretsi ekufema. Saka, nharaunda yechiedza inosarudzawo nzira dzekuchengetedza simba uye kushandisa.
5. Kuwanda kwecarbon dioxide (CO₂) uye kuenzana kwesubstrate
Kunyangwe CO₂ iri chibereko chekufema, kuwanda kwayo munzvimbo inotonhorera kunogona kukanganisa kuenzana kwemetabolism yezvirimwa. Mumagreenhouse, CO₂ yakakwira inowanzo wedzera photosynthesis, zvichiwedzera makabhohaidhiretsi, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kufema kuti zvitsigire kukura nekukurumidza. Zvisinei, pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kuunganidzwa kwakawanda kweCO₂ munzvimbo dzakavharirwa kunogona kukanganisa kuchinjana kwemagasi uye kukanganisa pH yetishu kana mwero wemetabolism. Mhedzisiro yacho inosiyana zvichienderana nemhando uye mamwe mamiriro ekunze akadai sekupisa uye kuwanikwa kwemvura.
Chinonyanya kukosha hukama huripo pakati pe photosynthesis nekufema: kana substrate (glucose) yawanda, kufema kunogona kuenderera mberi zvakanyanya; kana substrate yapera, kufema kunoderera kana kuti chirimwa chinotanga kushandisa zvimwe zvakachengetwa zvakaita sestarch, mafuta, kana kutoputsa mapuroteni mumamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya.
6. Zvinovaka muviri nemamiriro evhu: zvinokanganisa mashandiro emidzi
Zvinovaka muviri zvakaita senitrogen, phosphorus, uye potassium zvinokanganisa kufema nekuti zvine chekuita nekuumbwa kwema enzymes, ATP, uye mamorekuru anotakura simba. Semuenzaniso, kushomeka kwephosphorus kunodzivirira kuumbwa kweATP, zvichiita kuti mashandiro esimba asashande zvakanaka. Kushomeka kwenitrogen kunodzivirira kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni, kusanganisira ma enzymes ekufema, izvo zvinogona kuderedza mwero wekufema uye kukura kwemuviri.
Pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri, pH yevhu uye munyu zvinokanganisawo kufema. Ivhu rine acid yakawanda kana kuti alkaline yakawanda rinogona kudzivirira kutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri uye kudzvinyirira mashandiro emidzi. Munyu wakawanda unokonzera kushushikana kwe osmotic; zvirimwa zvinoda simba rakawedzerwa kuti zvirambe zviri pakati pe ion nemvura, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kufema, asi kukura kunowanzo derera nekuti simba rakawanda rinoshandiswa kurarama pane kuvaka biomass.
Mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwekufema pakukura uye goho
Kana zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvikawedzera kufema zvakanyanya—semuenzaniso, tembiricha yakakwira kana kushushikana kwemunyu—zvirimwa zvinogona kusangana ne "marara" emacarbohydrate, sezvo simba rakagadzirirwa kukura richishandiswa kuchengetedza. Kusiyana neizvi, kufema kwakaderera zvakanyanya nekuda kwekupisa kunotonhora kana kushaikwa kweokisijeni kunoderedza kuwanikwa kweATP yemabasa anokosha. Zvese zviri zviviri zvinokuvadza. Kuenzana kwakakwana pakati pe photosynthesis (simba rinopinda) nekufema (kushandiswa kwesimba) ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakubudirira kwezvirimwa.
Penutup
Kufema kwemiti inzira inonyanya kutsamira pane nharaunda. Kupisa kunotarisa mwero wekuita kweenzyme; okisijeni inodzora kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzirwa kwesimba; mvura inokanganisa kuwanikwa kweokisijeni nemamiriro emuviri; chiedza chinotarisa kugoverwa kwesubstrates kuburikidza ne photosynthesis; nepo CO₂, zvinovaka muviri, munyu, uye pH yevhu zvichibatsira mumamiriro ese ekugadzirisa metabolic. Kunzwisisa simba rezvinhu zvakatipoteredza pakufema kunotibatsira kuita tsika dzakakodzera dzekurima, dzakadai sekudiridza nekugadzirisa mvura, kuberekesa zvine mwero, kudzora tembiricha yegreenhouse, uye kusarudzwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa. Nenzira iyi, zvirimwa zvinogona kufema zvinobudirira uye kuwana kukura kwakanaka uye kubereka.
