Mabhenefiti eUtachiona muIndasitiri
Mabhakitiriya anowanzoonekwa sezvisikwa zvidiki zvinokonzera zvirwere. Zvisinei, munyika yemaindasitiri, mabhakitiriya "vashandi" vakakosha vanobatsira vanhu kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro ekugadzira, uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Mabhakitiriya - akadai sebhakitiriya, fungi, mbiriso, uye algae isingawanzoonekwi - ane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwekugadzirisa metabolic. Hunhu uhwu hunoshandiswa nemaindasitiri kugadzira zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvinokosha. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mabhenefiti ehutachiona mumaindasitiri, kubva pakudya nemishonga kusvika pakugadzirisa simba nemarara.
1. Utachiona huri muindasitiri yezvikafu nezvinwiwa
Imwe yenzira dzinoshandiswa nehutachiona hunonyanya kukosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva ndeye muindasitiri yechikafu. Maitiro ekuvirisa , ayo anosanganisira mashandiro ehutachiona, anogona kuvandudza kunaka, kunhuhwirira, uye magadzirirwo echikafu, pamwe nekuwedzera hupenyu hwechikafu.
Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndewekugadzira chingwa, uko mbiriso inonzi Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoburitsa kabhoni dioksijeni, iyo inoita kuti mukanyiwa ufukidze. Muindasitiri yezvinwiwa, tupukanana tunoita basa mukugadzirwa kwedoro, waini, nezvimwe zvinwiwa zvakaviriswa nekugadzira doro nezvinonhuwira.
MuIndonesia, zvekudya zvakasiyana-siyana zvechivanhu zvinotsamirawo pautachiona, zvakaita setempeh (neRhizopus oligosporus), tepi (musanganiswa wembiriso nemabhakitiriya elactic acid), yogati (neLactobacillus neStreptococcus), uye soy sauce (kuvirisa kwakakamurwa nefungus nemabhakitiriya). Kunze kwekuwedzera kunaka, kuvirisa kunogonawo kuwedzera kukosha kwekudya, semuenzaniso nekuwedzera kuwanikwa kwemavhitamini kana kupwanya mishonga inodzivirira zvinovaka muviri muchikafu.
Padanho remaindasitiri, kuvirisa kunobvumira kugadzirwa kwacho nguva dzose, kunodzorwa uye kunoshandisa simba shoma zvichienzaniswa nemaitiro emakemikari anoda tembiricha yakakwira kana kumanikidzwa.
2. Utachiona hwekugadzira ma enzymes emaindasitiri
Mabhakitiriya madiki iindasitiri yema enzyme echisikigo. Ma enzymes izvinhu zvinokonzeresa makemikari zvinokurumidzisa mashandiro emakemikari. Maindasitiri emazuva ano anoda ma enzymes ezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana nekuti akanyatsojeka, anoshanda zvakanaka, uye haana njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza.
Mimwe mienzaniso yema enzymes anogadzirwa nehutachiona uye mashandisirwo awo inosanganisira:
– Amylase yekupwanya starch kuita shuga, inoshandiswa muzvingwa, shuga yeglucose syrup uye maindasitiri edoro.
– Mapuroteni ekupwanya mapuroteni, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yekuchenesa sipo, kugadzira nyama, uye kugadzira chizi.
– Cellulase yekupwanya cellulose, inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri emachira, mapepa uye bioenergy.
– Lipase yekupwanya mafuta, inoshandiswa muzvikafu, sipo uye muindasitiri yezvizoro.
Mabhakitiriya akadai seBacillus nefungus akadai seAspergillus anowanzo sarudzwa nekuti ari nyore kurima uye anokwanisa kugadzira ma enzymes akawanda.
3. Utachiona huri muindasitiri yemishonga nehutano
Indasitiri yemishonga ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kushandisa utachiona. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakaita sepenicillin yakawanikwa nefungus inonzi Penicillium, nepo mimwe mishonga yakawanda inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogadzirwa nebhakitiriya remuvhu seStreptomyces. Nanhasi, utachiona huchiri kushandiswa kugadzira mishonga mitsva inorwisa mabhakitiriya nezvimwe zvinhu zvekugadzira mishonga.
Kunze kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, mabhakitiriya anoshandiswa kugadzira:
– Mimwe mishonga yekudzivirira utachiona yakagadzirwa uchishandisa nzira dzekurima utachiona kana mainjiniya emajini.
- Homoni ye insulin ikozvino yave kugadzirwa zvakanyanya uchishandisa mabhakitiriya eEscherichia coli kana mbiriso kuburikidza netekinoroji yeDNA recombinant.
– Mavhitamini nemaamino acids, akadai sevhitamini B12 kana lysine, ayo akakosha muzvikafu zvinovaka muviri uye zvekudya zvemhuka.
Basa remabhakitiriya riri kukura nekufambira mberi mu biotechnology, izvo zvinoita kuti hutachiona hugadziriswe kuti hugadzire mishonga inoshanda uye yakachengeteka.
4. Utachiona huri muindasitiri yesimba: biofuel nebiogas
Kudiwa kwesimba kuri kukura kuri kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwesimba rinogona kushandiswazve. Utachiona hunopa mhinduro kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemafuta emhuka. Semuenzaniso, mbiriso inogona kushandura shuga kuita ethanol, iyo inogona kushandiswa semafuta (bioethanol). Bioethanol inogona kugadzirwa kubva munzimbe, chibage, mufarinya, kana mamwe marara ekurima ane makabhohaidhiretsi akawanda.
Pamusoro pezvo, utachiona husina mweya hunoita basa guru mukugadzirwa kwegasi rebiogasi, musanganiswa wemagasi anoumbwa nemethane. Gasi rebiogasi rinogadzirwa nekuora kwemarara emhuka akadai sendove yezvipfuyo, zvimedu zvechikafu, kana marara ekurima. Maitiro aya haangoburitsi simba chete asiwo anoderedza huwandu hwemarara nekunhuwa, uye anoburitsa masara anogona kushandiswa sefetereza.
Mamwe marudzi ealgae ane mukana wekugadzira mafuta anogona kugadzirwa kuita biodiesel. Kunyange hazvo mitengo yekugadzira ichiri yakaoma, tsvakiridzo iri kuramba ichiita kuti bioenergy ikwanise kukwikwidzana nemabhakitiriya.
5. Utachiona hwekurapa marara nekugadzira mishonga yekuuraya utachiona
Maindasitiri anogadzira marara emvura neakaoma anogona kusvibisa nharaunda. Mabhakitiriya anoshandiswa mukuchenesa mvura yakasviba nekuda kwekugona kwawo kuora zvinhu zvechisikigo nemamwe makemikari ane njodzi.
Munzvimbo dzekuchenesa mvura yakasviba, mabhakitiriya anoora zvinhu zvipenyu, zvichideredza huwandu hwezvinosvibisa. Maitiro akaita setsvina inoshandiswa anoshandisa nharaunda dzetupukanana tunodya tsvina yeorganic. Uyezve, mamwe mabhakitiriya anokwanisa kusunga kana kushandura zvinhu zvine chepfu, zvakaita sesimbi dzinorema, mishonga yezvipembenene, kana petroleum hydrocarbons.
Kugadzirisa zvinhu zvipenyu—kudzoreredza nharaunda dzakasvibiswa uchishandisa tupukanana—kwave kuchishandiswa zvakanyanya muvhu kana mumvura ine mafuta. Zvakanakira ndezvekuti hazvina kukuvara zvakatipoteredza kupfuura nzira dzemuviri kana dzemakemikari, izvo zvinogona kukonzera mamwe marara.
6. Utachiona huri mukurima kwemaindasitiri uye chikafu chemhuka
Muindasitiri yekurima, tupukanana tunoshandiswa semafetiraiza ezvipenyu uye sezvinhu zvinodzora zvirimwa. Mabhakitiriya anogadzirisa nitrojeni akadai seRhizobium anobatsira kupa nitrogen kuzvirimwa, zvichideredza kuvimba nemafetiraiza emakemikari. Mafungi eMycorrhizal anobatsira mukunwa mvura nemineral, zvichiwedzera kukura kwezvirimwa, kunyanya muvhu risina kuorera zvakanyanya.
Muindasitiri yezvipfuyo, mabhakitiriya anoshandiswa mukugadzira chikafu chakaviriswa uye mapurobiotic. Mapurobiotic ane lactobacillus kana kuti Bacillus anogona kubatsira kugaya zvipfuyo, kuvandudza mashandiro echikafu, uye kuderedza njodzi yezvirwere, nokudaro achideredza kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
7. Basa remabhakitiriya muindasitiri yemachira, mapepa nemakemikari
Mabhakitiriya ane basawo mumaindasitiri asiri ezvekudya. Maenzyme emicrobial anoshandiswa mumachira ebiopolishing kuti anyatsotsvedzerera machira uye aderedze shinda dzakakora. Muindasitiri yemapepa, maenzyme akadai se xylanase anobatsira mukuita kuti pulp bleaching itsvedzerere, zvichideredza kushandiswa kwemakemikari ane hutsinye uye anokuvadza nharaunda.
Muindasitiri yemakemikari, tupukanana tunoshandiswa kugadzira maasidhi eorganic akadai secitric acid (kazhinji kubva kuAspergillus niger), lactic acid (yemapurasitiki anoora/PLA), pamwe chete nezvinonyungudutsa uye zvinonhuhwirira. Kugadzirwa kwetupukanana kunowanzonzi "green chemistry" nekuti kunogona kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye marara ane chepfu.
Mhedziso
Mabhakitiriya anopa mabhenefiti makuru kumaindasitiri nekuda kwekugona kwawo kuita mabasa ehupenyu anoshanda zvakanaka, akananga, uye asina njodzi kune nharaunda. Kubva pakuvirisa chikafu nekugadzira ma enzymes kusvika kumishonga, kusvika pakurapwa kwemarara uye simba rinogona kudzokororwa, mabhakitiriya chinhu chakakosha mukufambira mberi kwemaindasitiri emazuva ano. Nekuvandudzwa kwe biotechnology ne genetic engineering, kushandiswa kwemakemikari kunotarisirwa kuwedzera, zvichikonzera zvigadzirwa zvinogara kwenguva refu, zvinochengetedza simba, uye zvine njodzi kune nharaunda. Saka, mabhakitiriya haasi madiki chete ekuchengetedza, asiwo vadyidzani vehurongwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaindasitiri.
