Njira Yoziziritsira Yokonzera Zomera Zamagetsi Zotentha Kwambiri
Malo opangira magetsi a geothermal (PLTP), kapena malo opangira magetsi a geothermal, amadziwika kuti ndi magwero odalirika a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kugwira ntchito bwino maola 24 pa tsiku, masiku 7 pa sabata. Komabe, kumbuyo kwa ubwino uwu kuli mbali imodzi yaukadaulo yomwe imatsimikizira bwino momwe ntchito ikuyendera komanso kudalirika: makina ozizira. Popanda kuziziritsa bwino, magwiridwe antchito a turbine amachepa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zothandizira kumawonjezeka, chiopsezo cha dzimbiri chimawonjezeka, ndipo pamapeto pake, ndalama zopangira magetsi zimawonjezeka. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za ntchito ya makina ozizira, mitundu yawo, zovuta zogwirira ntchito, ndi njira zowongolera kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi makina opangira magetsi a geothermal.
Nchifukwa chiyani makina oziziritsira ndi ofunikira mu zomera zamagetsi za geothermal?
Mu malo opangira magetsi a geothermal, madzi a geothermal (nthunzi kapena madzi amchere) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutembenuza turbine. Pambuyo podutsa mu turbine, nthunzi iyenera kubwezeretsedwa mwachangu m'madzi kuti ipompedwe ndi/kapena kubwezeretsedwanso mu thanki. Njira yoziziritsirayi imafuna kuti kutentha kutulutsidwe ku chilengedwe, komwe ndi komwe makina oziziritsira amayamba kugwira ntchito.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa turbine kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupanikizika komwe kumatuluka mu turbine (kupanikizika kumbuyo). Kutsika kwa kupanikizika kwa condenser, kuchepa kwa nthunzi mu turbine kumakulirakulira, komanso mphamvu zomwe zingapangidwe zimakulirakulira. Kuzizira koyipa kumapangitsa kutentha kwa condensation kukwera, kupanikizika kwa condenser kukwera, komanso mphamvu ya turbine kutsika. Pa sikelo ya power plant, kusiyana pang'ono kwa kutentha kwa condenser kungatanthauze kutayika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu.
Kuphatikiza apo, makina oziziritsira amakhudzanso:
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mkati (mphamvu yothandizira): mapampu oyendera mpweya, mafani a nsanja yoziziritsira, ndi zida zina zothandizira zimadya magetsi.
2. Kudalirika: kuipitsa, kukula, ndi dzimbiri zokhudzana ndi ubwino wa madzi ozizira zingayambitse nthawi yopuma.
3. Kutsatira malamulo okhudza chilengedwe: kutulutsa madzi, kusuntha kuchokera ku nsanja zoziziritsira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuyenera kutsatira malamulo.
Mfundo Zoyambira za Firiji ndi Kuzizira
Kawirikawiri, cholinga chachikulu cha makina oziziritsira ndi kusunga kutentha kochepa kwambiri kwa makina oziziritsira, pomwe akuchepetsa ndalama zamagetsi komanso kuwononga chilengedwe. Makina oziziritsira amasamutsa kutentha kobisika kuchokera ku nthunzi ya utsi wa turbine kupita ku malo ozizira (madzi kapena mpweya). Makinawa amatha kupangidwa ngati makina otsekedwa kapena otseguka, kutengera kapangidwe kake ndi kupezeka kwa madzi.
Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu:
– Kuziziritsa konyowa (kuzizira konyowa/kotuluka madzi): kumagwiritsa ntchito madzi omwe amasanduka nthunzi pang'ono kuti athe kuchotsa kutentha kwakukulu ndi zida zochepa.
– Kuziziritsa kouma: kumagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wopanda madzi, koyenera m'malo omwe mulibe madzi ambiri koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwera mtengo komanso kopanda mphamvu ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kuli kwakukulu.
Pa mafakitale opangira magetsi otenthetsera pansi pa nthaka, kusankha makina nthawi zambiri kumaganizira makhalidwe a zinthu (nthunzi yaikulu, flash, kapena binary), nyengo, kupezeka kwa madzi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito komanso zolinga za mtengo panthawi yonse ya polojekitiyi.
Mitundu ya Machitidwe Oziziritsira mu Zomera Zamagetsi Zamagetsi
1. Nsanja Yoziziritsira Yonyowa
Iyi ndiyo njira yodziwika kwambiri pa zomera zozizira ndi zouma. Madzi ozizira amazungulira kudzera mu condenser, kutenga kutentha, kenako n’kupita ku nsanja yozizira kuti achepetse kutentha kudzera mu nthunzi ndi kukhudzana ndi mpweya.
Zochulukira:
- Amachepetsa kutentha kwa madzi kufika pa kutentha kwa babu lonyowa.
- Kukula kwa zida ndi kochepa kwambiri kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu zambiri.
- Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa yochepetsera mphamvu ya condenser kumbuyo poyerekeza ndi kuziziritsa kouma.
Kukonzekera:
- Imafuna madzi odzola chifukwa cha kutayika chifukwa cha nthunzi, kuphulika, ndi kuyandama kwa madzi.
- Zotsatira zomwe zingachitike pa chilengedwe (nthunzi wa madzi, kuyandama kwa madzi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi).
- Kulamulira mankhwala ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kukhuthala/kutupa.
2. Kuziziritsa Kouma (Kondensala Yoziziritsidwa ndi Mpweya / ACC)
Mu dongosololi, nthunzi imapindidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chosinthira kutentha chopangidwa ndi zipsepse chomwe chimaziziritsidwa ndi mpweya wochokera ku fan.
Zochulukira:
– Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi pang'ono kwambiri (pafupifupi zero).
- Yoyenera malo ouma kapena malo omwe ali ndi malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi.
Kukonzekera:
- Kuchita bwino kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa mpweya; nyengo yotentha, magwiridwe antchito amachepa ndipo kuthamanga kwa msana kumawonjezeka.
- Imafuna malo akuluakulu ndi nyumba zazikulu.
- Mafani amphamvu kwambiri amawonjezera mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito.
3. Dongosolo Losakanikirana (Kuziziritsa Konyowa-Kouma)
Zimaphatikiza kuziziritsa konyowa ndi kouma. Pazifukwa zina (monga nyengo youma kapena kuchepetsa madzi), njira youma ndi yabwino kwambiri; ngati pakufunika kugwira ntchito bwino, njira yonyowa imayatsidwa.
Zochulukira:
- Yosinthasintha: imatha kulinganiza momwe madzi amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito bwino.
- Amachepetsa chilango cha magwiridwe antchito pa kutentha kwambiri kwa mpweya poyerekeza ndi kuzizira kouma kokha.
Kukonzekera:
- Kuyika ndalama zambiri komanso zovuta pa ntchito.
- Kulamulira dongosolo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa matekinoloje awiri.
4. Kuziziritsa kwa Majenereta Awiri (ORC/Kalina)
Mu fakitale yamagetsi ya binary, madzi otentha a geothermal amatenthetsa madzi ogwira ntchito (monga isobutane kapena pentane) kudzera mu chosinthira kutentha. Pambuyo potembenuza turbine, madzi ogwira ntchito amafupikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina ozizira (onyowa/ouma/osakanizidwa).
Chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa komwe amagwira ntchito, majenereta a binary amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi magwiridwe antchito a condenser. Kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa kutentha kwa condensing kungakhudze kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuzizira kukhale kofunika kwambiri.
Mavuto Ogwira Ntchito: Kukula, Kudzimbiritsa, ndi Kuipitsa
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa makina oziziritsira sikudalira kapangidwe kokha, komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso ubwino wa madzi.
1. Kukulitsa (kuyika thunthu)
Mchere monga silica, calcium carbonate, kapena mankhwala ena amatha kuikidwa m'machubu a condenser ndikuchepetsa kutentha. Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwa condenser kumakwera ndipo magwiridwe antchito amachepa. Kuwongolera kumachitika kudzera mu kusintha kwa pH, zoletsa, kuwongolera kuphulika, ndi kuwunika kuchuluka kwa saturation index.
2. Kudzimbiritsa
Kupezeka kwa mpweya wosungunuka, CO₂, H₂S, kloridi, ndi zinthu zina za pH kungathandize kuti dzimbiri liziyenda mofulumira. Kusankha zinthu (monga zitsulo zina zosapanga dzimbiri, titaniyamu pa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri), chitetezo cha cathodic, ndi kuwongolera mankhwala ndikofunikira kwambiri.
3. Kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe
Mu makina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi pamwamba, kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumatha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chosinthira kutentha. Mapulogalamu ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kusefa nthawi zambiri ndi gawo la njira yogwirira ntchito.
4. Kugwira ntchito kwa nsanja yozizira kumachepa
Kulongedza kodetsedwa, ma nozzles otsekeka, kapena magwiridwe antchito osakwanira a fan kungachepetse mphamvu yoziziritsira. Kuwunika nthawi zonse za nsanja yoziziritsira ndi kukonza zinthu kungathandize kupewa kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito kwa nthawi yayitali.
Njira Yokonzera Makina Oziziritsira
Kuti pakhale mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku geothermal, njira imeneyi iyenera kukhala yokwanira—osati kuchepetsa kutentha kokha, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zothandizira magetsi komanso kukonza.
1. Kukonza Kupanikizika kwa Msana kwa Condenser
Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyang'ana kwambiri kuthamanga kwa mpweya kumbuyo kutengera momwe zinthu zilili komanso zoletsa za zida. Kuthamanga kwa madzi ozizira, liwiro la fan ya nsanja, komanso ukhondo wosuntha kutentha pamwamba zimakhudza mwachindunji kuthamanga kwa mpweya kumbuyo.
2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
Kugwiritsa ntchito VSD pa fani ya cooling tower kapena ACC kumalola mphamvu ya fani kusinthidwa ngati pakufunika kutero. Izi zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yowonjezera pamene mphamvu yoziziritsira siili pamlingo woyenera, popanda kusokoneza kukhazikika kwa ntchito.
3. Kuwunika ndi Kusanthula kwa Nthawi Yeniyeni
Kugwiritsa ntchito masensa a kutentha kwa condenser polowera/kutulutsa, kuyendetsa bwino mphamvu, pH, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka, kugwedezeka kwa fan, ndi kupanikizika kosiyana kumathandiza kuzindikira mavuto msanga. Kuyambira kusanthula kosavuta mpaka kuphunzira kwa makina, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kulosera za kuipitsidwa ndikukonzekera nthawi yoyeretsa magetsi asanayambe kutayika kwakukulu.
4. Kusamalira Zodzoladzola ndi Kuchotsa Madzi Oipa
Chinsinsi cha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa dongosolo la madzi ndikuwongolera kayendedwe ka kuchuluka kwa madzi (CoC). CoC yotsika kwambiri imawononga madzi, pomwe yayikulu kwambiri imawonjezera chiopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa madzi. Kukonza CoC kutengera mtundu wa madzi odzola komanso malire a zida kudzathandiza kuti ntchito ikhale yabwino komanso yotsika mtengo.
5. Kusankha ndi Kupanga Zinthu Zoyenera Zosinthira Kutentha
Zipangizo zosagwira dzimbiri komanso makina osinthira kutentha omwe amathandiza kuyeretsa amachepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Mu nyengo yamadzimadzi amphamvu, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zodula nthawi zambiri zimakhala zabwino chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nthawi yogwira ntchito.
6. Kuphatikiza ndi Dongosolo Lobwezeretsanso Jakisoni
Mu malo ambiri opangira magetsi otentha kwambiri, madzi oundana ndi madzi amchere amabwezeretsedwanso. Kutentha ndi ubwino wa madzi oundana zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi magwiridwe antchito a ma condenser. Kulamulira kophatikizana pakati pa kuzizira, kuuma kwa madzi, ndi mapampu ojambulira kungathandize kukhazikika kwa malo osungiramo madzi ndikuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa ntchito.
Zoganizira Zachilengedwe ndi Malamulo
Kuwonjezera pa mfundo zaukadaulo, makina oziziritsira ayenera kugwirizana ndi zoletsa zachilengedwe: kupezeka kwa madzi, kugwedezeka kwa madzi, phokoso la mafani, ndi kutaya kwa mchere kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Pankhani yokhazikika, mapulojekiti ambiri atsopano akuganizira zoziziritsira madzi mosakanikirana kapena mouma kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa madzi, ngakhale kuti izi zingawononge ndalama komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi m'malo otentha.
Kutseka
Makina oziziritsira ndi "mtima" womwe nthawi zambiri umanyalanyazidwa koma wofunikira kwambiri pa malo opangira magetsi a geothermal. Mwa kusankha kasinthidwe koyenera (konyowa, kouma, kapena kosakanikirana), kuwongolera kukula ndi dzimbiri, ndikukhazikitsa kukonza koyendetsedwa ndi deta komanso zowongolera zamakono, malo opangira magetsi a geothermal amatha kupanga magetsi ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa zothandizira komanso chiopsezo chochepetsedwa cha kusokonezeka. Pomaliza, kuziziritsa kwabwino sikungokhudza kuchotsa kutentha kokha, koma njira yokwanira yowonjezerera magwiridwe antchito, kudalirika, komanso kukhazikika kwa malo opangira magetsi a geothermal.
