Makina Otenthetsera a Geothermal Oyenera Kunyumba
Kufunika kotenthetsera nyumba—kaya posambira, kuphika, kapena kutenthetsera malo—nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. M'malo ambiri, zotenthetsera madzi zamagetsi, gasi, kapena LPG ndi zosankha zofala, koma ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi mpweya woipa wa carbon nthawi zambiri sizimakhala zochepa. Kumbali ina, pali ukadaulo wokhazikika, wogwira ntchito bwino, komanso wosamalira chilengedwe: makina otenthetsera a geothermal. Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti "geothermal" nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi magetsi akuluakulu, mfundo za mphamvu ya geothermal zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazosowa zapakhomo ndi njira yoyenera.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za lingaliro, mitundu ya machitidwe, momwe amagwirira ntchito, zigawo zake, ubwino ndi kuipa kwake, ndalama, ndi malingaliro a kapangidwe kake kuti akuthandizeni kumvetsetsa ngati kutentha kwa geothermal ndikoyenera panyumba panu.
Kodi kutentha kwa geothermal n'chiyani?
Kawirikawiri, kutentha kwa dziko lapansi ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kuchokera mkati mwa dziko lapansi kapena kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nthaka kuti ipereke mphamvu yotenthetsera nyumba. Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu:
1. Kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kotsika (pampu yotenthetsera yomwe imachokera pansi/GSHP)
Iyi ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri m'nyumba. Dongosololi silimakumba mpaka ku gwero la kutentha kwa phiri lamoto, koma m'malo mwake limagwiritsa ntchito mwayi woti kutentha kwa nthaka pa kuya kwina kumakhala kokhazikika chaka chonse (mwachitsanzo, 20–30°C m'madera ena otentha, komanso kokhazikika kuposa kutentha kwa mpweya m'madera a nyengo zinayi). Dongosololi limasamutsa kutentha kudzera m'mapaipi obisika pansi pogwiritsa ntchito chotenthetsera.
2. Kutentha kwa nthaka mwachindunji (kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji)
Ngati nyumbayo ili pafupi ndi kasupe wachilengedwe wotentha kapena malo osungira madzi otentha kwambiri, madzi otentha angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji (pogwiritsa ntchito chosinthira kutentha kuti chitetezeke komanso chikhale cholimba). Komabe, njira iyi imadalira malo ndi zilolezo zogwiritsira ntchito gweroli.
Ponena za malo okhala, nkhani yofunika kwambiri ndi ya mapampu otenthetsera omwe amachokera pansi chifukwa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana popanda kukhala pafupi ndi gwero la madzi otentha.
Kodi pampu yotenthetsera yomwe imachokera pansi imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Mapampu otenthetsera a geothermal amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi mafiriji, koma mphamvu imasinthasintha kuti ipange kutentha (ndipo nthawi zambiri kuziziritsa). Dongosololi limasamutsa mphamvu ya kutentha kuchokera pansi kupita m'nyumba kudzera mu refrigerant cycle.
Kuyenda kosavuta:
– Chitoliro chozungulira pansi chili ndi madzi (madzi + oletsa kuzizira m'malo ozizira) omwe amazungulira, ndikutenga kutentha kuchokera pansi.
– Kutentha kuchokera ku madzi kumasamutsidwira ku refrigerant mu chipangizo chopopera kutentha kudzera mu chosinthira kutentha.
– Choziziritsira chimakanikizidwa kuti kutentha kwake kukwere, kenako kutentha kumapita ku makina otenthetsera nyumba (madzi otentha a pansi owala, ma fan coil, kapena matanki a madzi otentha).
– Pambuyo potulutsa kutentha, firiji imaziziranso ndipo kayendedwe kake kamabwereranso.
Chifukwa makinawa "amasamutsa" kutentha, m'malo mopanga "kuchoka" ku kuyaka, amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi COP (Coefficient of Performance). COP ya 3 imatanthauza kuti pa 1 kWh iliyonse yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi compressor ndi pampu, mutha kupeza pafupifupi 3 kWh ya mphamvu yothandiza yotenthetsera (mtengo wake umadalira kapangidwe ndi mikhalidwe).
Mitundu ya makonzedwe a geothermal loop
Kusankha kasinthidwe ka kuzungulira kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malo a nthaka, momwe nthaka ilili, ndi ndalama zoyikira.
1. Chizunguliro chopingasa
Mapaipi amaikidwa mopingasa pa kuya kwina (monga mamita 1-2 kapena kuposerapo, kutengera kapangidwe kake).
Ubwino: ndalama zomangira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa kuboola molunjika.
Zoyipa: imafuna malo ambiri ndipo imasokonezedwa panthawi yokumba.
2. Chizunguliro choyima
Chitolirocho chimayikidwa mu dzenje lobowola loyima (likhoza kukhala mamita makumi mpaka mazana).
Ubwino: yoyenera malo opapatiza, yokhazikika bwino pa kutentha.
Zoyipa: ndalama zobowola zimatha kukhala zokwera, kutengera ndi malo.
3. Chizunguliro cha dziwe/nyanja
Ngati pali dziwe lalikulu komanso lokhazikika, chitolirocho chikhoza kuyikidwa pansi pa dziwe.
Ubwino: ukhoza kukhala wotsika mtengo kuposa kuboola.
Zoyipa: zimafuna malo okwanira amadzi, zilolezo, ndi kapangidwe kapadera kuti zikhale zotetezeka komanso zolimba.
4. Dongosolo lotseguka (madzi apansi)
Pogwiritsa ntchito madzi apansi panthaka omwe amapopedwa, kutentha kumachotsedwa/kusinthidwa, kenako madziwo amabwezeretsedwa ku chitsime cholowera madzi.
Ubwino: ukhoza kukhala wogwira mtima kwambiri.
Zoyipa: zimafuna madzi abwino, zilolezo, chiopsezo cha kukwera/kuwonongeka, ndipo ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zisasokoneze madzi a m'madzi.
Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingafunike kukonzedwa panyumba?
Makina otenthetsera a geothermal angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa:
1. Kutentha kwa malo
Zoyenera:
– Pansi powala (kutenthetsa pansi): ndi kothandiza chifukwa kutentha kwa madzi otenthetsera sikuyenera kukhala kokwera kwambiri.
– Chogwirira mpweya/chotenthetsera fani: chimapumira mpweya wofunda kudzera mu payipi.
– Ma radiator a madzi otentha: ndizotheka, koma nthawi zina amafunika kutentha kwambiri; kapangidwe kake kamafunika kusinthidwa.
2. Chotenthetsera madzi (madzi otentha apakhomo/DHW)
Zipangizo zotenthetsera madzi zimatha kutentha madzi osambira ndi ophikira, nthawi zambiri kudzera mu thanki yosungiramo zinthu ndi chosinthira kutentha. Zipangizo zina zimagwiritsa ntchito chotenthetsera madzi, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito kutentha "kotayika" panthawi zina zogwirira ntchito kuti chithandize kutentha madzi.
3. Kuziziritsa (ngati mukufuna)
Makina ambiri a GSHP amathanso kugwira ntchito mosiyana ndi ena poziziritsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kuchoke m'nyumba kupite pansi. Izi zimakopa kwambiri m'malo omwe mpweya woziziritsa umafunika komanso komwe mpweya woziziritsa umafunika kugwira ntchito bwino kuposa mpweya wamba.
Zigawo zazikulu za dongosololi
Kuti tisaganize kuti dongosololi ndi lovuta, nazi zigawo zazikulu:
– Chingwe chozungulira pansi: chitoliro cholimba cha HDPE (polyethylene yolimba kwambiri).
– Pampu yozungulira kuzungulira: imazungulira madzi mu chitoliro cha pansi.
– Chida chopopera kutentha: chili ndi compressor, refrigerant, heat exchanger, ndi zowongolera.
- Makina ogawa kutentha: pansi powala, cholumikizira cha fan, chotenthetsera, kapena thanki yamadzi otentha.
- Zowongolera & masensa: ma thermostat, ma valve, chitetezo cha kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi makina owunikira.
– Tanki ya buffer (ngati mukufuna): imathandiza kukhazikika kutentha ndipo imachepetsa kayendedwe ka compressor.
Ubwino wa makina otenthetsera a geothermal
1. Kuchita bwino kwambiri komanso ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito
Chifukwa chakuti zimasamutsa kutentha, zimagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochepa poyerekeza ndi zotenthetsera zamagetsi zoteteza kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwezi zimatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri.
2. Kuchepetsa mpweya woipa
Kunyumba sikuyaka moto. Ngati magetsi akuchokera kuzinthu zongowonjezedwanso, mpweya woipa umakhala wochepa.
3. Yomasuka komanso yokhazikika
Kutentha kwa kutentha nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana. Gwirizanitsani bwino ndi pansi lowala kuti mukhale omasuka mofanana.
4. Moyo wautali wautumiki
Chizunguliro chozungulira pansi chingakhalepo kwa zaka zambiri. Zipangizo zopopera kutentha nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba kuposa makina omwe nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito kutentha kwambiri.
5. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito potenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa nthawi imodzi
Dongosolo limodzi lingathe kukwaniritsa zosowa zambiri za mphamvu zapakhomo.
Mavuto ndi zovuta zomwe muyenera kuganizira
1. Ndalama zoyambira zapamwamba
Kuyika mapaipi opangidwa pansi ndi ntchito zapakhomo (kukumba/kuboola) ndi zinthu zomwe zimawononga ndalama zambiri.
2. Mukufunika kukonzekera bwino ndi kupanga mapulani
Kukula kwa kuzungulira, mphamvu ya pampu yotenthetsera, ndi njira yogawa kutentha ziyenera kuwerengedwa kuti zikhale zogwira mtima komanso zosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri.
3. Mikhalidwe ya malo ndi zilolezo
Dothi la miyala, malo opapatiza, kapena malamulo am'deralo angachepetse zosankha.
4. Kukonza kudakalipo
Ngakhale kuti ndi zochepa, kufufuza nthawi zonse n'kofunikabe: kuthamanga kwa makina, kutuluka kwa madzi, mapampu, zosefera, ndi zowongolera.
Kuyerekeza mtengo ndi kuthekera kwachuma
Mitengo imasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi dziko, mtengo wobowola, kukula kwa nyumba, ndi mtundu wa kuzungulira. Kawirikawiri, ndalama zoyambira zimakhala zokwera kuposa zotenthetsera zachizolowezi, koma izi zimachepetsedwa ndi:
- kusunga ndalama zamagetsi,
- moyo wautali wa dongosolo,
- kukwera mtengo kwa katundu komwe kungatheke.
Kukhazikika bwino pazachuma nthawi zambiri kumachitika pamene:
- nyumbayo ikufunika kutentha/kuzizira kwambiri,
- mitengo yamagetsi yopikisana,
- Mumalowa m'malo mwa dongosolo lakale, losagwiritsidwa ntchito,
- kapangidwe ka nyumba kamathandizira machitidwe otentha pang'ono (monga pansi yowala).
Ngati cholinga chanu chachikulu ndi madzi otentha osambira, chotenthetsera madzi chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena chotenthetsera madzi chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi nthawi zina chingakhale chotsika mtengo. Komabe, ngati mukufuna njira yolumikizirana (yotenthetsera, madzi otentha, ndi kuziziritsa), mphamvu ya kutentha kwa dziko ndi yokongola kwambiri.
Malangizo opangira machitidwe abwino kwambiri
1. Yambani ndi kuwunika mphamvu za nyumba
Konzani kaye kutentha, mpweya wabwino, komanso kutulutsa mpweya. Nyumba yolimba imafuna mphamvu zochepa zotenthetsera, zomwe zimachepetsa ndalama zozungulira.
2. Ikani patsogolo kugawa kutentha kotsika
Ma coil owala pansi kapena ma fan omwe amapangidwira kutentha kwapakati kwa madzi adzawonjezera COP.
3. Sankhani kontrakitala wodziwa bwino ntchito yake
Zolakwika pakupanga ma loop (zachidule kwambiri) zitha kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito ndikuwonjezera ndalama zamagetsi, zomwe zimakhudza kutentha kwa nthaka kwa nthawi yayitali.
4. Ganizirani malo oti muyike zida
Mapampu otenthetsera, matanki osungira madzi, ndi matanki amadzi otentha amafunika malo osavuta kufikako.
5. Konzani njira yolumikizirana ndi machitidwe ena
Mwachitsanzo, ma solar panels (PLTS) kuti apereke magetsi ku ma heat pump, kapena ma heater owonjezera pazochitika zovuta kwambiri ngati pakufunika.
Mapeto
Makina otenthetsera kutentha kwa nthaka m'nyumba—makamaka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mapampu otenthetsera pansi—ndi njira yamakono yopereka mphamvu zambiri, chitonthozo, komanso mpweya wochepa. Ukadaulo uwu ndi wothandiza kwambiri ukapangidwa ngati njira yolumikizirana yotenthetsera malo ndi madzi otentha (ndi kuziziritsa), yokhala ndi dongosolo loyenera la nthaka ndi kugawa kutentha.
Ngakhale kuti ndalama zoyambirira zimakhala zokwera, ubwino wa nthawi yayitali ukhoza kukhala waukulu, makamaka m'nyumba zomwe zimafuna mpweya woziziritsa chaka chonse. Ngati mukuganiza zokhazikitsa, ndi bwino kuchita kafukufuku wa mphamvu ndi kufunsana ndi kampani yomwe ili ndi mbiri yabwino. Mwanjira imeneyi, kutentha kwa geothermal sikungokhala "ukadaulo wobiriwira" komanso ndalama zokhazikika pakukhala bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino nyumba.
