Ukadaulo Wogwira Ntchito Kwambiri mu Ma Turbine a Geothermal
Mphamvu ya geothermal ikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupereka magetsi okhazikika, opangidwa ndi mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso (baseload), kusadalira nyengo, komanso kuthekera kochepetsa mpweya woipa wa carbon poyerekeza ndi mafakitale opangira mafuta. Komabe, vuto lalikulu la mafakitale opangira magetsi a geothermal lili pakusintha kutentha kuchokera pansi pa nthaka kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Apa ndi pomwe ma turbine a geothermal amachita gawo lalikulu. Ukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri mu ma turbine a geothermal ukusintha mwachangu kudzera mu zatsopano mu kapangidwe ka aerodynamic, zipangizo, machitidwe owongolera, komanso kuphatikiza ma cycle amakono a thermodynamic.
Makhalidwe a madzi a geothermal ndi zotsatira zake pa ma turbine
Mosiyana ndi majenereta a nthunzi wamba, madzi otentha kwambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zosafunika monga silica, chloride, H₂S, CO₂, ndi tinthu tolimba. Kuphatikiza apo, momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito zimatha kukhala ndi nthunzi yonyowa (magawo awiri), kupsinjika kochepa, komanso kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu ya malo osungiramo madzi. Zinthuzi zimayambitsa chiopsezo cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka, dzimbiri, kukula (kuyika kwa mchere), komanso kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito ngati turbine sinapangidwe mwapadera.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa turbine ya geothermal sikudalira kokha momwe masamba amagwirira ntchito, komanso kuthekera kwa makinawa kusunga ubwino wa nthunzi, kuchepetsa kutsika kwa mphamvu zosafunikira, ndikusunga mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito pafupi ndi malo opangira ngakhale kusintha kwa magwero.
1) Kapangidwe ka tsamba lapamwamba komanso mphamvu ya aerodynamics
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito iyende bwino ndi kukonza bwino mawonekedwe a tsamba la turbine. Opanga ma turbine amakono amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeserera za Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) kuti awonetse kayendedwe ka nthunzi, kugawa kwa kuthamanga, ndi mapangidwe a madontho mu nthunzi yonyowa. Ndi CFD, kapangidwe ka tsamba kakhoza kukonzedwa kuti kachepetse kutayika chifukwa cha kulekana kwa kayendedwe ka madzi, kugwedezeka, ndi kutuluka kwa nsonga.
Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito bulangeti la magawo atatu (3D) kumathandiza kuti pakhale kuwongolera bwino ngodya ya kayendedwe ka tsamba. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri mu ma turbine a geothermal chifukwa kayendedwe ka madzi nthawi zambiri sikoyenera: kuchuluka kwa nthunzi yonyowa komanso kusasinthasintha kwa kutentha kumatha kuwonjezera kutayika kwa mpweya. Ndi kapangidwe ka 3D, kugawa kwa mphamvu ya mpweya kumakhala kofanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yogwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti tsamba likhale lolimba nthawi yayitali.
2) Kulamulira nthunzi yonyowa: kulekanitsa chinyezi ndi kuyang'anira madzi otayira madzi
Madera ambiri otentha kwambiri amatulutsa nthunzi yokhala ndi gawo lalikulu lamadzimadzi. Nthunzi yonyowa imachepetsa kugwira ntchito bwino chifukwa mphamvu zina za kinetic zimatengedwa kuti zifulumizitse madontho, komanso zimawonjezera kukokoloka kwa masamba chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa madontho amphamvu kwambiri. Ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri umayang'anira kasamalidwe ka chinyezi.
Kumtunda kwa turbine, zolekanitsa ndi zotsukira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa madzi ndi nthunzi asanalowe mu turbine. Komabe, zinthu zatsopano zikuchitikanso mkati mwa turbine, monga magawo olekanitsa chinyezi ndi makina otulutsira madzi omwe adapangidwa kuti achotse madzi m'magawo enaake. Kusamalira bwino madzi otulutsira madzi kumaletsa kudzikundikira kwa madzi, kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka, ndikusunga mphamvu ya turbine ya isentropic.
3) Zipangizo zolimbana ndi dzimbiri ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka: chinsinsi cha kugwira ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa turbine sikuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito; kuyeneranso kusungidwa kwa zaka zikubwerazi. M'malo otentha kwambiri, dzimbiri ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe a masamba, kuwonjezera kuuma kwa pamwamba, komanso kuyambitsa kusalingana kwa rotor. Zonsezi zimachepetsa kugwira ntchito bwino ndikuwonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito.
Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri umaphatikizapo kusankha zinthu monga zitsulo zapadera zosapanga dzimbiri, zitsulo zopangidwa ndi nickel m'malo ofunikira, ndi zokutira zotsutsana ndi kukokoloka ndi zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri. Mu ntchito zina, malo olimba omwe ali m'mphepete mwa tsamba amayikidwa kuti asagwere madontho ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Zipangizo zoyenera zimachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti turbine igwire bwino ntchito komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
4) Kutseka ndi kuchepetsa kutayikira kwa madzi: kumawonjezera kugwira ntchito bwino kwamkati
Kutayikira kwamkati ndi komwe kumabweretsa kutayika kwakukulu kwa ma turbine. Nthunzi yomwe "imatuluka" kudzera m'mipata yotsekera siimapangitsa kuti masamba agwire ntchito, koma imayambitsabe kuchepa kwa mphamvu ndi kutayika kwa mphamvu. Ukadaulo wamakono wa zisindikizo—kuphatikizapo zisindikizo zotsekera bwino, zisindikizo za burashi, ndi kuwongolera kuchotsedwa kwa zisindikizo—zimathandizira mwachindunji pakukweza magwiridwe antchito.
Njira imodzi yofunika ndikuchepetsa kutseguka kwa nsonga ya tsamba popanda kukanda kwambiri. Izi zimachitika kudzera mu kapangidwe ka chivundikiro ndi ma rotor omwe amaganizira kukula kwa kutentha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makina ogwedera ndi owunikira kutentha kuti adziwiretu momwe ntchito ikuyendera. Ndi kutayikira kochepa, kutulutsa kwa turbine kumawonjezeka pamlingo womwewo.
5) Ntchito yosinthasintha komanso dongosolo lowongolera lanzeru
Malo opangira magetsi a geothermal ndi abwino kugwira ntchito mokhazikika, koma kwenikweni, kuchuluka kwa nthunzi ndi kupsinjika kumatha kusinthasintha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a malo osungiramo madzi, kukula kwa mapaipi, kapena kusintha kwa njira yopangira jekeseni. Ma turbine ogwira ntchito bwino amafunikira njira yowongolera yomwe imatha kugwira ntchito pamalo opindulitsa kwambiri.
Ukadaulo wamakono wowongolera umaphatikizapo magavana olondola ndi zowongolera ma valavu, machitidwe oteteza liwiro lothamanga kwambiri, komanso kuphatikiza deta nthawi yeniyeni kuchokera ku masensa opanikizika, kutentha, kugwedezeka, ndi khalidwe la nthunzi. Ndi ma algorithms owongolera osinthika kwambiri, mafakitale amatha kusunga bwino kutentha ndikuchepetsa maulendo. Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kumatsogolera pakukonza kolosera motsogozedwa ndi deta (kukonza kozikidwa pa mkhalidwe) komwe kumazindikira kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito kusanachitike kulephera.
6) Kuphatikiza kwa kayendedwe ka mpweya: kung'anima, nthunzi youma, ndi binary (ORC/Kalina)
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa turbine kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka kayendedwe ka injini yamagetsi. Mu makina ouma a nthunzi, nthunzi imayendetsa mwachindunji turbine. Mu makina opepuka, madzi otentha omwe ali ndi mphamvu amachepetsedwa mphamvu, zomwe zimasanduka nthunzi pang'ono; turbine imagwiritsa ntchito nthunzi iyi. Zatsopano zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito double-flash kapena triple-flash kuti iwonjezere kugwiritsa ntchito enthalpy yamadzimadzi.
Pakadali pano, pa magwero otentha pang'ono, ukadaulo wa binary cycle monga Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) kapena Kalina Cycle umagwiritsa ntchito madzi ogwirira ntchito ena okhala ndi kutentha kochepa. Ngakhale kuti awa si "ma turbines a geothermal steam," ma turbines omwe ali mu binary systems (organic turbines) alinso ndi zatsopano zazikulu: kapangidwe ka expander kokonzedwa bwino, ma bearing ogwira ntchito bwino, ndi madzi ogwirira ntchito oyenera. Ndi binary cycle, kutentha komwe kunatayika kale kumatha kusinthidwa kukhala magetsi owonjezera, kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito onse a malo.
7) Chepetsani kukula ndikuwongolera machitidwe a nthunzi
Kukulitsa, makamaka kuchokera ku silica ndi carbonate, kumatha kutsekereza mapaipi ndikusokoneza zolekanitsa, zomwe pamapeto pake zimachepetsa kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yolowera mu turbine. Ma turbine ogwira ntchito bwino nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zoyendetsera madzi: kulamulira pH, zoletsa kukula, ndi mapangidwe a njira ya nthunzi zomwe zimachepetsa malo oundana. Kuphatikiza apo, kutenthetsa bwino kutentha komanso kuchepa kwa kuthamanga kwa ma valve, zigongono, ndi zida zothandizira zimathandiza kuti dongosolo lonse ligwire bwino ntchito.
8) Kusintha kwa digito koyendetsedwa ndi deta komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito
Zochitika zaposachedwa ndi mapasa a digito ndi kusanthula magwiridwe antchito. Ndi mitundu ya digito ya ma turbine ndi zomera, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kufananiza magwiridwe antchito enieni ndi ma curve a kapangidwe, kuzindikira kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa, kutuluka kwa madzi, kapena kusintha kwa mtundu wa nthunzi. Deta ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kudziwa nthawi yabwino yoyeretsera, kukonzanso, kapena kusintha malo ogwirira ntchito.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito deta imathandiza kukonza kusintha kwa zinthu: mwachitsanzo, kusankha malo ogwirira ntchito otsika pang'ono koma kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kukula, kotero kuti kupanga mphamvu pachaka konse kumawonjezeka.
Mapeto
Ukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri mu ma turbine a geothermal sulipo wokha, koma umaphatikiza zatsopano mu kapangidwe ka aerodynamic ka tsamba, kuwongolera nthunzi yonyowa, zipangizo zosagwira dzimbiri/kukokoloka, zisindikizo zogwira ntchito bwino, machitidwe owongolera anzeru, komanso kuphatikiza bwino kayendedwe ka mphamvu. Kusintha kwa digito ndi kukonza zinthu zodziwikiratu kumalimbitsa kuthekera kosunga magwiridwe antchito pakapita nthawi, osati poyambira kugwira ntchito kokha.
Popeza kufunikira kwa magetsi otsika mpweya kukukula, kupanga ma turbine ogwira ntchito bwino a geothermal kudzawonjezera mpikisano wa geothermal ngati gwero lodalirika komanso loyera la mphamvu. Kuyika ndalama mu ukadaulo wa turbine—pamodzi ndi malo abwino osungiramo madzi ndi kasamalidwe ka pamwamba—kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri pakukulitsa mphamvu ya geothermal, pazachuma, komanso mokhazikika.
