Momwe machitidwe ogawa mphamvu ya geothermal amagwirira ntchito
Mphamvu ya geothermal ndi gwero la mphamvu yongowonjezedwanso yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwachilengedwe kuchokera mkati mwa dziko lapansi. Anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti mphamvu ya geothermal ndi "magetsi ochokera padziko lapansi," koma kumbuyo kwake kuli njira zambiri zaukadaulo—kuyambira kufufuza, kupanga, kusintha kukhala magetsi kapena kutentha, ndipo potsiriza, kugawa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe machitidwe ogawa mphamvu ya geothermal amagwirira ntchito: momwe mphamvu zochokera m'malo osungiramo mphamvu ya geothermal zimafikira m'nyumba, m'mafakitale, ndi m'malo opezeka anthu onse mosatekeseka, mokhazikika, komanso moyenera.
1. Kuchokera ku kutentha kwa dziko kupita ku mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito
Kutentha kwa geothermal kumasungidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu otentha, omwe ndi madera okhala ndi miyala yobowoka kapena yosweka yokhala ndi madzi (madzi otentha ndi/kapena nthunzi) kutentha kwambiri. Malo osungiramo zinthu amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala akuya mamita mazana ambiri mpaka zikwizikwi. Kuti alowe m'malo osungiramo zinthu amenewa, makampani opanga zinthu otentha amabowola kuti abweretse madzi otentha pamwamba pa madzi kudzera m'zitsime zopangira.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti "kugawa" mphamvu ya geothermal sikutanthauza nthawi zonse kupereka nthunzi kapena madzi otentha mwachindunji m'nyumba. M'maiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Indonesia, ntchito yofala kwambiri ndi kupanga magetsi ku malo opangira magetsi a geothermal (PLTP). Magetsi akapangidwa, amagawidwa kudzera mu dongosolo lamagetsi ladziko lonse (network yotumizira ndi kugawa). M'madera ena (monga ku Europe kapena North America), mphamvu ya geothermal imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati kutentha mwachindunji kudzera mu ma network otenthetsera m'madera, komwe madzi otentha amaperekedwa kwa makasitomala kudzera m'mapaipi otetezedwa.
Choncho, njira yogawa mphamvu ya geothermal ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:
1) Kugawa magetsi (kofala kwambiri): kutentha kwa dziko → magetsi m'malo opangira magetsi a dziko → netiweki yotumizira magetsi → netiweki yogawa magetsi → makasitomala.
2) Kugawa kutentha (kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji): kutentha kwa dziko lapansi → chosinthira kutentha → netiweki ya mapaipi otentha → kasitomala (nyumba/nyumba/makampani).
2. Zigawo zofunika kwambiri mu unyolo woperekera zinthu kutentha kwa dziko
Kuti timvetse bwino, nazi zigawo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kuchokera kumtunda mpaka kumunsi:
– Malo osungiramo zinthu zotentha: gwero la kutentha ndi madzi.
– Chitsime chopangira: madzi otentha amatuluka pamwamba.
– Njira yosonkhanitsira: netiweki ya mapaipi ochokera ku zitsime zingapo kupita ku malo okonzera kapena kupanga zinthu.
– Cholekanitsa/thanki ya flash kapena chosinthira kutentha: chimalekanitsa nthunzi kapena chimasamutsa kutentha (kutengera mtundu wa ukadaulo).
– Ma turbine ndi ma jenereta (opangira magetsi): amasintha mphamvu ya nthunzi kukhala mphamvu ya makina kenako mphamvu yamagetsi.
– Kondensa ndi makina oziziritsira: zimaziziritsa nthunzi yochokera ku turbine kotero kuti imasandukanso madzi.
– Kulowetsa chitsime: kubweza madzi m'chitsime kuti apitirizebe kuyenda bwino komanso kuti mphamvu ipitirire.
– Substation (switchyard/substation): imawonjezera mphamvu ya magetsi kuchokera ku jenereta kuti ifalitsidwe bwino.
– Netiweki yotumizira: imatumiza magetsi amphamvu kwambiri pamtunda wautali.
– Netiweki yogawa: imachepetsa magetsi ndikugawa kwa makasitomala.
- Machitidwe owongolera ndi oteteza: SCADA, zolumikizira zoteteza, zotsekera ma circuit, muyeso wa khalidwe la mphamvu.
3. Momwe kugawa kumagwirira ntchito mu dongosolo lopangira magetsi (PLTP)
a) Kupanga ndi kusonkhanitsa madzi
Madzi otentha ochokera m'zitsime zingapo zopangira zinthu amadutsa mu chitoliro chosonkhanitsira zinthu kupita ku fakitale yamagetsi. Pa siteji iyi, kapangidwe ka chitoliro n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa madziwo amatha kuwononga, kukhala ndi mchere wosungunuka, komanso kukhala ndi mphamvu komanso kutentha kwambiri. Kuti achepetse kutaya kutentha ndikusunga kukhazikika kwa madzi, chitolirocho chimapangidwa ndi zipangizo zoyenera komanso zotetezera kutentha, ndipo chili ndi ma valve oteteza.
b) Kusintha kutentha kukhala magetsi: njira zitatu zodziwika bwino
1. Nthunzi youma: nthunzi youma imazungulira mwachindunji turbine.
2. Mpweya wothamanga: madzi otentha omwe ali ndi mphamvu "amatuluka" kukhala nthunzi pamene mphamvu yake yachepa mu separator. Mpweya umasandutsa turbine, pomwe madzi otsalawo amatha kubwezeretsedwanso.
3. Binary cycle: Kutentha kuchokera ku madzi otentha a dziko lapansi kumasamutsidwa kupita ku madzi ogwirira ntchito ena (monga isobutane) kudzera mu chosinthira kutentha. Madzi owonjezera amasanduka nthunzi ndikusandutsa turbine. Ubwino: kuchepetsa mpweya woipa ndipo kumayenera kutentha pang'ono.
Pambuyo poti turbine yazunguliza jenereta, magetsi amapangidwa pamagetsi apakati (nthawi zambiri kV pang'ono mpaka makumi a kV, kutengera kapangidwe ka fakitale). Magetsi awa sakhala ogwira ntchito bwino potumiza magetsi mtunda wautali, kotero pakufunika njira ina.
c) Malo osinthira magetsi ndi transformer: poyambira kugawa
Mu bwalo lamagetsi, magetsi ochokera ku jenereta amadutsa mu dongosolo loteteza ndi kuyeza, kenako amalowa mu transformer yokwera kuti iwonjezeredwe kufika pa voteji yapamwamba (monga 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, kapena 500 kV). Mfundo yake ndi yosavuta: voteji ikakwera, mphamvu yamagetsi imachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutayika (I²R) kuchepe (I²R) mumizere yotumizira magetsi kuchepe.
d) Kutumiza: kutumiza mphamvu kuchokera ku malo otentha kupita ku malo otumizira katundu
Madera ambiri otentha kwambiri m'dziko ali m'mapiri kutali ndi mizinda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti netiweki yotumizira magiya ikhale maziko a kufalitsa magiya. Mavuto akuluakulu pagawoli ndi awa:
- Malo ovuta kufikako (malo olowera ku nsanja, chiopsezo cha kugwa kwa nthaka).
- Kudalirika pa nyengo yovuta kwambiri.
- Kugwirizana kwa chitetezo kotero kuti chisokonezo pa nthawi ina sichimazima malo ambiri.
Dongosolo lotumizira magetsi limagwira ntchito pa gridi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti magetsi ochokera ku malo opangira magetsi a pansi pa nthaka aziyenda kupita kumadera komwe akufunikira, osati kudera lapafupi lokha. Malo otumizira magetsi amawunika kuchuluka kwa magetsi, magetsi, ndi kayendedwe ka magetsi kuti asunge kukhazikika kwa dongosolo.
e) Kugawa: kuchokera ku siteshoni yocheperako kupita kwa makasitomala
Pafupi ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi, magetsi amalowa mu substation yotsika. Voltage imachepetsedwa kufika pa mulingo wapakati wogawa magetsi (monga 20 kV kapena 13,8 kV) kenako imagawidwa kudzera mu netiweki yogawa magetsi. Pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, ma transformer ogawa magetsi amawachepetsa kwambiri kufika pa voltage yotsika (monga 220/380 V) ya nyumba ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, kapena kusunga mulingo wapakati wa magetsi kwa makasitomala ena amakampani.
Motero, "kugawa mphamvu ya geothermal" mu njira zamagetsi kuli kofanana ndi mafakitale ena amphamvu: akasinthidwa kukhala magetsi, amatsatira zomangamanga za gridi. Kusiyana kuli mu njira yopita patsogolo (kupanga geothermal) ndi mtundu wa ntchito za fakitale.
4. Kugawa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogwiritsira ntchito kutentha mwachindunji
M'madera ena, mphamvu ya geothermal imagwiritsidwanso ntchito potenthetsera malo, madzi otentha apakhomo, kuumitsa ulimi, nyumba zosungiramo zomera, komanso ntchito zamafakitale. Ndondomekoyi ndi iyi:
1. Madzi otentha ochokera m'chitsime chopangira madzi amatuluka kupita pamwamba pa malo opangira madzi.
2. Kutentha kumasamutsidwa kudzera mu chosinthira kutentha kupita ku madzi oyera (loop yotsekedwa) kuti madzi a kasitomala akhale abwino komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha dzimbiri/kukula.
3. Madzi otentha oyera amaperekedwa kwa makasitomala (nyumba/nyumba/makampani) kudzera m'mapaipi otetezedwa ndi kutentha.
4. Kutentha kukagwiritsidwa ntchito, madzi obwerera amabwezeretsedwa pakati kuti atenthedwenso, pomwe madzi otentha nthawi zambiri amalowetsedwanso m'chitsime.
Ubwino wa chitsanzo ichi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri chifukwa chimapewa kusintha kutentha kukhala magetsi. Komabe, mtunda wogawa nthawi zambiri umakhala wochepa chifukwa ndalama zoyendetsera mapaipi ndi kutayika kwa kutentha zimawonjezeka ndi mtunda.
5. Njira yopangira jakisoni: gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukhala ndi moyo wabwino
Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za unyolo wa mphamvu ya geothermal ndi kupezeka kwa zitsime zobayira. Nthunzi ikadutsa mu turbine ndikuundana, kapena kutentha kukatulutsidwa mu chosinthira kutentha, madziwo nthawi zambiri amabwerera pansi. Kubayidwa kumathandiza:
- Sungani mphamvu ya m'madzi kuti ntchito yosungiramo zinthu ikhale yokhazikika.
- Amachepetsa kuchepa kwa nthaka.
- Chepetsani kutuluka kwa madzi m'thupi.
Malo oikamo zitsime zothira madzi ayenera kukonzedwa mosamala kuti asaziziritse malo opangira zinthu mwachangu (kutentha kwambiri) komanso kuti asasokoneze ntchito.
6. Kulamulira mphamvu, chitetezo ndi ubwino
Kuti zitsimikizire kufalikira kodalirika, dongosolo la kutentha kwa nthaka lili ndi:
- SCADA ndi DCS kuti aziyang'anira kutentha, kuthamanga, kuchuluka kwa madzi, kugwedezeka kwa turbine, ndi momwe zida zamagetsi zilili.
- Chitetezo chotumizirana kuti chizindikire mafupipafupi, vuto la nthaka, ma frequency ochulukirapo/osakwana, magetsi ochulukirapo/osakwana.
- Kuwongolera kogwira ntchito (capacitor, reactor, kapena jenereta) kuti pakhale mphamvu yokhazikika.
- Kulamulira katundu kuti mphamvu ya jenereta igwirizane ndi zofunikira pa gridi.
Malo opangira magetsi a geothermal nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ngati majenereta oyambira (okhazikika) chifukwa mphamvu ya geothermal imapezeka maola 24 pa sabata. Izi zimathandiza kuti makina ogawa magetsi azikhazikika, makamaka akaphatikizidwa ndi malo opangira magetsi monga dzuwa ndi mphepo.
7. Mavuto okhudza kugawa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa dziko
Ngakhale kuti ndi yodalirika, pali mavuto ena omwe amakumana nawo:
- Malo akutali a fakitale yamagetsi amapangitsa kuti ntchito yomanga magiya ikhale yokwera mtengo ndipo imafuna zilolezo za malo.
- Madzi otentha a m'mlengalenga amatha kuyambitsa dzimbiri/kukula kwa mapaipi ndi zida za pamwamba.
– Zoopsa za nthaka (monga ntchito ya zivomerezi zazing'ono zokhudzana ndi jakisoni) ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa.
- Kuphatikizidwa mu gridi kumafuna maphunziro abwino okhazikika komanso mgwirizano woteteza.
Mapeto
Mmene njira yogawa mphamvu ya geothermal imagwirira ntchito zimadalira mtundu wa mphamvu yomwe imaperekedwa. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi, mphamvu ya geothermal imasinthidwa kukhala magetsi pa malo opangira magetsi a geothermal (PLTP), kenako imagawidwa kudzera m'mabwalo osinthira magetsi, ma transformer, mizere yotumizira magetsi, ndi mizere yogawa kwa makasitomala. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha mwachindunji, mphamvu ya kutentha imagawidwa kudzera mu netiweki ya mapaipi otetezedwa ndi zosinthira kutentha komanso kuzungulira kotsekedwa. Zonsezi zimafuna kapangidwe kaukadaulo kolimba, njira zowongolera zodalirika komanso zotetezera, komanso njira zobayira kuti zisunge kukhazikika kwa malo osungira magetsi. Ndi kayendetsedwe koyenera, mphamvu ya geothermal imatha kukhala msana wa mphamvu yoyera yokhazikika komanso yodalirika.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kuwonjezera zithunzi za flowchart kapena kupanga mtundu wa nkhani yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri za dziko la Indonesia (PLTP, netiweki yotumizira ma PLN, ndi zitsanzo za malo otentha kwambiri).
